3. Phrases can be:

Subordinative: nominal,verbal,adjectival

Coordinative: copulative, disjunctive, adversative

Predicative phrases: binary and multiple

4. According to the syntactic function: subjective, objective, adverbial

5. According to the position of the adjunct: pre-positive, post-positive

6. According to the valency of components:

-obligatory adjuncts (complements),

-optional adjuncts (supplements).

7. According to the structure: simple, extended, expanded.

8. According to the nature of their head: noun, verb, adjective, adverbial, pronoun phrase.

The sentence

G.Pocheptsov: the sentence is the central syntactic construction used as the minimal communicative unit that has its primary predication, a definite structural scheme and possesses definite intonation characteristics.

Different approaches to the study of the sentence

1. Principal and secondary parts of the sentence.

2. Immediate constituents of the sentence (IC analysis).

Phrase in English can always be divided into two elements (constituents) until we get down to the single word. All groups of words are arranged in levels. The name given by linguists to these different levels of relationship is immediate constituents.

Thus, one way of analyzing a sentence is to cut it to its immediate constituents, that is, to single out different levels of meaning

3. Oppositional analysis.

The oppositional method in syntax means correlating different sentence types: they possess common features and differential features. Differential features serve the basis for analysis. E.g. two member sentence/one member sentence (“John worked”/”John! Work!”).

4. Constructional analysis.

Not only the subject and the predicate but also all the necessary constituents of primary predication constitute the main parts because they are constructionally significant.

The secondary parts of the sentence are sometimes as necessary and important as the main ones.

The structural sentence types are formed on the basis of kernels. 3 main types of propositional kernels may be distinguished:

- noun and verb (John came)

- noun is adjective (John is angry)

- noun is noun (John is a teacher)

Syntactic processes may be internal and external.

Internal syntactic processes involve no changes in the structure of the parts of the sentence.

The internal syntactic processes are:

1) Expansion: “The phone was ringing and ringing”;

2) Compression: “They were laughing and singing”;

3) Complication: “I have seen it – I could have seen it”;

4) Contamination: “The moon rose red”.

5) Replacement: “I’d like to take this one”.

6) Representation: “Would you like to come along? I’d love to”.

7) Ellipsis: “Where are you going? To the movies”.

External syntactic processes are those that cause new relations within a syntactic unit and lead to appearance of a new part of the sentence.

The external syntactic processes are:

1) Extension: “a nice dress” – “a nice cotton dress”.

2) Adjoinment: “He did it” – “Only he did It”.

3) Enclosure: after all, anyway, naturally, etc.