- •American structuralism
- •The English Phonetic School
- •The problem of neutralization. The Moscow Phonological School.
- •The problem of neutralization. The leningrad Phonological School.
- •The copenhagen linguistic school. Copenhagen structuralism
- •Syllabic structure of english words
- •Theories of syllable formation
- •The parts of speech
- •The noun
- •The category of number
- •The category of case
- •The category of gender
- •The verb
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •The category of person and number
- •The category of tense
- •The category of voice
- •The category of aspect
- •The category of time correlation
- •The word group (phrase, word combination)
- •1. According to the morphological status of its components:
- •3. Phrases can be:
- •The sentence
- •Different approaches to the study of the sentence
The category of gender
According to some language analists (Ilyish, Palmer, Marakovskaya) nouns have no category of gender in modern English as the category of sex should not be confused with the category of gender as sex is an objective biological category.
It correlates with gender only when sex differences of living being are manifested in language grammatically. Ex.: tiger – tigress.
Still other linguists Bloch, Lyons admit the existence of the category of gender.
It can be proved by the correlation of a noun with a personal pronoun of the 3rd person (he, she, it). Accordingly there are 3 genders in English: feminine, masculine, neuter.
In the plural all the gender distinctions are neutralized.
English nouns can show the sex of their referents lexically by means of being combined with certain notional words used as sex-indicators or by suffixal derivation, ex.: boy-friend – girl-friend, lion – lioness.
The verb
Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. It performs the central role in realizing predication – connection between situation in the utterance and reality.
Semantic features of the verb
The verb possesses the grammatical meaning of verbiality – the ability to denote a process developing in time.
Morphological features
The verb possesses the following grammatical categories:
Tense
Aspect
Mood
Person
Number
Time correlation
Voice
Syntactic features
the ability to be modified by adverbs
the ability of the verb to perform the syntactic function of the predicate
any verb in the form of the infinitive can be combined with the modal verb.
Classifications of English verbs
A. Morphological classification.
1. According to their stem-types all verbs fall into: simple (to go), sound-replacive (food - to feed), stress-replacive (import - to import), expanded (with the help of suffixes and prefixes): cultivate, justify, composite (correspond to composite nouns): to blackmail, phrasal: to have a smoke, to give a smile.
Or according to their morphological composition:
Simple (one root morpheme)
Derivative (derived) – one-root morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes
Compound (2 stems) – to whitewash
Composite (verbal stem and adverbial particle)
2. According to the way of forming past tenses and Participle II verbs can be regular and irregular.
B. Lexical-morphological classification is based on the implicit grammatical meanings of the verb. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity: transitive and intransitive. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of stativeness/non-stativeness: stative and dynamic. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of terminativeness/non-terminativeness: terminative and durative.
C. Syntactic classifications. According to the nature of predication (primary and secondary) all verbs fall into finite and non-finite.
According to syntagmatic properties verbs can be of obligatory and optional valency.
D. Functional classification: notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs), auxiliaries.