Вариант III

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая

внимание на функции герундия в предложении.

1. Modern rapid-hardening cements are capable of binding very heavy raw materials such as sand and crushed rocks together.

2. Lime doesn’t occur in nature, but is readily prepared by heating marble or limestone to a high temperature.

3. Developing new designs in structures is very important these days.

4. We know of concrete walls and piers rising in the remotest corners of the country.

II. a) Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и

Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The air-conditioning systems are installed in our offices.

2. Being widely distributed, stone is available as a building material.

3. Now plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building.

4. Sawdust mixed with mineral matter forms a hard strong material applicable for many purposes.

b) Перепишите и переведите предложения, принимая во внимание, что

причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Brittle materials may be highly elastic, a good example being glass.

2. By minerals, we mean natural substances which occur in nature, each having definite physico-chemical properties.

3. Being applied in all building operations, timber is one of the most important materials.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая

внимание на перевод сослагательного наклонения.

1. It is important that a stone be homogeneous in its structure.

2. It would be impossible to simplify the production of aluminium without using the electrothermal method.

3. We wish every civil engineer knew geology better.

IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на

особенности перевода условных предложений I, II и III типов.

1. Had not the building machines undergone great changes, no progress in building would have been possible.

2. It would be difficult to lay a wall if the bricks were of irregular form.

3. If the structure is more than one storey high, some means must be found for supporting the floor.

V. Прочтите, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Glass

Industrial art has had no more beautiful and useful material to aid its progress throughout the ages than glass. Many sciences could scarcely have existed or could not have developed greatly without its assistance. It can be produced either colourless, or tinted with any hue, and either transparent or opaque. Its opacity may be either partial or complete. It is smooth and shiny on its surface and in fracture.

The period of the invention of glass cannot now be traced and how it was discovered is unknown.

A fanciful story told by the Roman writer Pliny tells how Phoenician (Финикийские) merchants discovered the art of glass making. According to this legend, as the merchants were returning from Egypt, they landed on the coast of Palestine, camped on a sandy beach of the river and there built a fire. Having placed some blocks of nitre under their cooking vessels to protect them from the fire, they saw the substance melt, mingle with the sand, and form a liquid stream of glass.

The history of architecture is described as the centuries-old struggle for light, the struggle for the window. In primitive houses light would be admitted through the doorway and an outlet in the roof, and it is interesting to note that in the ancient world, particularly in public buildings, light was generally received from above. So the earliest window was probably a modification of the doorway.

The introduction of glass into windows was hastened by the spread of civilization into Nothern and Western Europe, but the scarcity and high cost of window glass meant that only the rich made use of it and these were, of course, mostly represented by the church.

The window has for more than a thousand years been fighting for the greatest possible dimensions against the limitations imposed by building materials and methods of construction. At various times it triumphed over these limitations, notably in the wooden house of the Middle Ages. In the nineteenth century the introduction of iron-frame construction made possible the complete liberation of the window.

The use of glass as a building material is dependent upon its hardness, imperviousness and durability, its mechanical strength and its thermal, optic and acoustic properties. Glass is subjected principally to atmospheric conditions. In towns, ammonia, sulphurous and sulphuric acids may be present in the atmosphere. All of these are destructive. We may regard glass as being the best weathering material employed in building. Imperviousness to moisture and excellent weathering properties, combined with the ease of manufacture in large sizes, make glass the ideal prefabricated facing material for the exteriors of some modern buildings.

VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What makes glass the ideal facing material?

2. Could many sciences have developed greatly without the assistance of glass?