Вариант I

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-

временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1. We can’t use timber for either carpenters’ or joiners’ work immediately after it has been felled.

2. In respect to the number of constituents, plastics are classified as simple and complex.

3. Large-scale mechanization is being introduced into the construction practice by all possible means.

4. Wood can be easily shaped and fastened together with nails and screws.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая

внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. When excavation work was started, a large layer of sand had to be removed in order to bring the ruins to light.

2. When an architect designs a beam or a column for a structure, the first step is to estimate the greatest load it may be required to support.

3. Wood has some valuable chemical properties which do make it an important material for industry.

4. Some artificial building materials don’t possess valuable and diverse properties.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая

внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To be used for brick-making clay must possess certain characteristics.

2. Concrete must be kept warm for several days before the builders cool it.

3. The live load to be used in computations depends upon the use or human occupancy of the building (furniture, equipment, snow on the roof and movable partitions).

4. The dead load of a building to be taken into consideration is that of floor materials, columns, walls and partitions.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие

предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные

обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Limestone is believed to have been formed in some previous geological age from the shells of sea animals.

2. We know the ocean to be a great storehouse of every known chemical element – iron, copper, aluminium, etc.

3. In some cities, stone is reported to be brought from long distances.

4. Pre-stressing makes concrete resist greater stresses.

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения,

обращая внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1. Granite is valuable as a support where great strength is required, for granite can withstand a pressure of 20,000 pounds per square inch.

2. Granite was only employed for massive masonry due to its great hardness.

3. Neither swelling nor shrinking are characteristic of plywood.

VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

Plywood

Plywood is a modern invention. Articles of furniture constructed of timber laminated on the plywood principle were discovered in Egyptian tombs over thousand five hundred years old. The greatest development in the production of plywood, however, took place in the twentieth century.

Formerly, plywood was used for packing purposes only, but now it serves as a valuable structural and ornamental material.

For some classes of work plywood is given preference to other wood products owing to its great strength, stability and resistance to changes that occur in wood due to climatic and atmospheric conditions. It neither swells nor shrinks and is resistant to splitting in any direction.

Plywood owes its stability to its construction principle. Wood consists of cells and is an elastic material, therefore it is subject to changes according to the differing moisture content in the atmosphere to which it is exposed. The structure of wood is such that when it dries, it must shrink; on the other hand, when wood absorbs moisture, it will swell to a greater or lesser degree. Both shrinking and swelling are much more considerable across the grain than with the grain. Wood has great strength and comparatively few changes in a radial direction and this factor forms the secret of the stability of plywood.

Plywood is formed by several plies of wood glued together so that the grain of any one ply is at a right angle to the adjacent ply. Such products have an absolutely uniform construction and expansion in all directions, and will make shrinkage and swelling exactly counterbalanced.

The stability of plywood greatly depends upon gluing which is the other component of the manufacturing process.

The types of glues employed in the plywood industry must all be resistant to moisture and splitting. All veneers must be properly flattened and dried before gluing. After gluing, the plywood is pressed and dried again. Thus, the strong and valuable product is obtained.

VII. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по содержанию текста:

1. What purposes does plywood serve?

2. What is plywood?