Wherever possible from formal and open methods of solving disputes. New codes of law developed under the post-war occupation show some influence from Anglo-American common Jaw traditions (such its a statutory form of trust).

7. Fill in the gaps in the text below,

POLICE

walkie-talkie join plain clothes detective

police force policeman rank uniform

Alan is .now old enough and tall enough to (a) the (b) . At first, of course, hell be an

ordinary (c) of the lowest (d) ... He'll wear a (e) and go out in the street's keeping m touch

with the police station with his (£) . Then he’d like to he a (g) in (h) investigating serious

comes

Legal terms to be memorized;

legal; legality:., legalize legalized:

legal // illegal

innocent; innocence; innocently .innocent of crime

innocent in feet equity, equitable courl of equity court ruling guilt; guilty

to plead guilty (not guilty)

to find smb. guilty (not guilty) of come

evidence / testimony/ proof

precedent

applied precedent

/judicial precedent

to follow the precedent

dispute; disputable/ disputed

to apply law

to break" (to violate) the law

to clarify the law

to begin actions of law'

to make roles

to define a legal relation

to codify a legal, relation

to pay damages

legal aspect, legal right

legislature; legislation: legislator; legislate

biased// unbiased;

lawmaker: lawmaking; to make a law

labour code codification of statutes

lawbreaker; to break a law

judicial; judiciary ; judicially

judge; judgement; judgeship

judgement of court

corrupt; corruption; corrupted

code, codification; codified, codifier

a set of codes

civil code

criminal code/ penal code

Unit II

II. Civil Law

Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are, primarily, legislation - especially codifications in constitutions or statutes passed by government - and, secondarily, custom. Codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the ancient Babylonian Codex Hammuraby, but modern civil law systems essentially derive from the legal practice of the Roman Empire, whose texts were rediscovered in medieval Europe. Roman law in the days of the Roman Republic and Empire was heavily procedural, and there was no professional legal class. Instead a lay person, iudex, was chosen to adjudicate. Precedents were not reported, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised. Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the state, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today. During the 6th century AD in the Eastern Roman Empire, the Emperor Justinian codified and consolidated the laws that had existed in Rome, so that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before. This became known as the Corpus Juris Civilis. As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before." Western Europe, meanwhile, slowly slipped into the Dark Ages, and it was not until the 11th century that scholars in the University of Bologna rediscovered the texts and used them to interpret their own laws. Civil law codifications based closely on Roman law, alongside some influences from religious laws such as Canon law and Islamic law. continued to spread throughout Europe until the Enlightment; then, in the 19th century, both France, with the Code Civil, and Germany, with the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, modernised their legal codes. Both these codes influenced heavily not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe (e.g. Greece), but also the Japanese and Korean legal traditions. Today countries that have civil law systems range from Russia and China to most of Central and Latin America.

legal system	Правова система
primarily	Перш за все
derive from	Випливають з
lay person	Мирний житель
judges' decisions	Рішення суддів
to restore	спрямовувати
slipped into	впосковзнув
to spread	поширюватися
legal traditions	Правові традиції

Сonnect and translate phrases.

Legal age

Golden person

judges' system

lay laws

religious decisions

Complete sentences with words from the box.

countries	system			Rome
unrecognised			centuries

1. Civil law is the legal used in most countries around the world today.

2. Precedents were not reported, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost .

3. The Emperor Justinian codified and consolidated the laws that had existed in .

4. Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three before .

5. Today that have civil law systems range from Russia and China to most of Central and Latin America.

Translate a sentences.

1. Цивільне право є правовою системою, яка сьогодні використовується в більшості країн по всьому світу.

2. Джерелами цивільного права є законодавство та звичаї.

3. Цивільне право грунтується на римському праві.

4. Сьогодні країни, які мають системи цивільного права варіюються від Росії і Китаю в більшості країн Центральної і Латинської Америки.