12. Phonetic stylistic devices and expressive means

Stylistic phonetics, or phonostylistcs, studies style-forming phonetic features of the text. For example, reduction is common of the colloquial speech.

13. Stylistic use of graphical means. Graphon

According to the major function, the following division of graphical discourse is distinguished:

1. Entertaining. It is presented by the form of belles-lettres and deals with mock-reality, performing the aesthetic function. There may be optional pragmatic functions. For example, the texts in this discourse may be also persuasive.

2. Persuasive. It is presented by memoirs, letters to the editor and feature articles. As optional, it may perform emotive and aesthetic functions.

3. Historically informative and impartial. Here we refer newspaper reports which are expected to be impartial and informative, but never persuasive.

4. Postulating and argumentative. Here we refer scientific literature which is supposed to be impartial and informative.

5. Formalizing and binding. Here we refer official documents which are aimed at arranging the terms of undertaking and binding the parties involved.

Graphon. This is the intentional violation of a graphical shape of a word or word-combination used to reflect its original pronunciation. Introduced into English novels and journalism at the beginning of the 18th century, graphons have acquired an ever-growing frequency of usage, popularity and a wide range of functions. Graphon is widely used by writers to supply all kinds of additional information about the literary characters:

1. For indication of be speaker's origin and social background. By using graphon the writer shows us what locality his character comes from or what social group he belongs to, e.g. by using various deviations from standard literary English, e.g. "I allus remember me man sayin' to me when 1 passed me scholarship — 'You break one o 'my winders an' I'll skin ye alive" (St.B.).

2. Lack of education can be shown through irregular grammar forms and frequent phonetic distortions, e.g. "I don't take no nerve to do somepin when there ain't nothing else you can do. We ain't gonna die out" (S.St.).

3. Children's speech may include graphon owing to the mispronunciation or misinterpretation of a word, e.g. "My daddy's coming tomorrow on a nairplane" (S.).

4. Graphon is also used to reflect the authentic pronunciation of a person who has a physical defect of speech, e.g. "You don't mean to thay that thith ith your firth time" (D.C).

Graphon individualizes the character's speech and adds to it plausibility, vividness, memorability, shows the informality of the speech act. Some amalgamated forms, which are the result of strong assimilation, have become cliches in contemporary prose dialogues. Here belong such permanent graphons as gimme (give me), lemme (let me), gonna (going to), mighta (might have).

Being so informal and authentic, graphon has become popular with advertizers, whose chief aim is to draw the customers' attention to their goods or services. So the more unusual an advertisement or a trademark is the better chances they have of selling their goods. Big and small eating places invite customers to attend their "Pick - kwick Store" (pick quick store), "The Donut Place" (doughnut), the "Wok-in Fast Food Restaurant" (walk-in). Newspapers, posters and TV commercials will persuade you to buy "Sooper-Class Model Cars", "Knee-Hi Socks", "Rite Aid Medicines". http://studopedia.ru/2_89841_lektsiya--Stylistics-and-its-subject-matter-Phono-graphical-level-of-foregrounding.html