Linking Words

Linking words show the logical relationship between sentences or parts of a sentence.

Exercise 173. Rewrite the sentences from the table in as many ways as possible. e.g. He is both rich and good looking. He’s not only rich but also good looking, etc.

Table 10

Positive Addition	and, both ... and, not only ... (but also/as well), too, moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further, also, not to mention the fact that, besides	He is rich and good-looking.
Negative Addition	neither ... nor, nor, neither, either	Neither Tracy nor Maeve speaks Spanish.
Contrast	but, not ... but, although, while, whereas, despite, even if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, (and) yet, at the same time	I can’t cook, whereas my husband can. Nick doesn’t like pop music, but he loves opera.
Similarity	similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally	Cyclists should wear helmets; similarly, horse riders should, too.
Concession	but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, even though, despite/in spite of, regardless of, admittedly, considering, whereas, while, nonetheless	London is a very noisy city but still I like it. London is a very noisy city and yet I like it.
Alternative	or, on the other hand, either ... or, alternatively	We could either go to a restaurant or get a take away.
Emphasis	besides, not only this but ... also, as well, what is more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually, indeed, let alone, not only that	She never even made the bed, let alone cleaned the house.
Exemplification	such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, especially, in particular	I enjoyed all Charlotte Bronte’s books, especially “Jane Eyre”.
Clarification	that is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it another way, I mean	Fiona finds learning French very difficult, specifically, remembering the grammar rules.

Продолжение таблицы

Cause/Reason	as, because, because of, since, on the grounds that, seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, so	The factory workers asked for a pay rise on the grounds that the cost of living had risen.
Manner	as, (in) the way, how, the way in which, (in) the same way (as), as if, as though	He behaves as if he owned the place, but he’s only a waiter.
Condition	if, in case, assuming (that), on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that), unless, in the event (that), in the event of, as/so long as, whether, whether ... or (alternative condition), only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of	Allen told the children they could stay up late provided that they didn’t watch too much TV.
Consequence of a condition	consequently, then, under those circumstances, if so, if not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus	I’m hoping that John will let us have the car tonight. If not, I’m afraid we won’t be able to go out.
Purpose	so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, for fear (that), in case	Louise went to bed early so as not to be tired during the exam.
Effect / Result	such/so ... that, consequently, for this reason, as a consequence, thus, therefore, so	It rained all day, and therefore we couldn’t go to the zoo.
Comparison	as ... as, (more) ... than, half as ... as, nothing like, the ... the, twice as ... as, less ... than	Even though they are twins, they are nothing like each other.
Time	when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, till, after, since	I will leave when I'm ready.
Place	where, wherever	He tends to make friends wherever he goes.
Exception	but (for), except (for), apart from	When I was at school I was good at most subjects except for maths.
Relative	who, whom, whose, which, what, that	That woman over there is the one who owns the hotel by the sea.
Chronological	beginning: initially, first ..., at first, to start/begin with, first of all continuing: secondly ..., after this/that, second ..., afterwards, then, next, before this concluding: finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly, last but not least	Firstly heat the oil in a pan. Then break the eggs and beat them. Finally, pour the eggs into the pan and stir them gently.
Reference	concerning, regarding, with respect/ regard/reference to, in respect/regard/ reference to this/to the fact that	Write the report with reference to the points we discussed last week.

Продолжение таблицы

Summarizing

in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have said, as (it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in all, altogether, in short, briefly, to put it briefly

All in all I enjoyed the book, although I found the plot hard to follow in places.

Exercise 174. Join the sentences.

1. Claire is reliable. She is conscientious too. (in addition to) ...In addition to being reliable Claire is also conscientious. (positive addition)... . 2. There have been severe snowstorms all over Britain. Scotland has been the worst hit. (specifically) 3. Peter can’t afford a holiday this year. Dick can’t either. (neither... nor) 4. Many famous people supported the cause. Princess Diana and Michael Jackson did, for example. (such as) 5. My nephew likes to wear a watch. He can’t tell the time yet though. (even though) 6. The film was good. The ending was a bit of a disappointment, though. (except for) 7. The firefighter rushed into the blazing building. He didn’t think of the danger. (regardless of) 8. Colin’s mother is French. He can’t speak a word of the language, though. (and yet) 9. The elderly woman walked very slowly and hesitantly. She was probably in great pain. (as if) 10. I would like to make an appointment with the bank manager. It’s about my application for a loan. (concerning) 11. I suppose I can tell you. You mustn’t tell anyone else. (providing) 12. I always have a hot chocolate before I go to bed. It helps me to sleep. (in order to) 13. Yesterday I found a wallet. It contained over a hundred pounds. (which) 14. I really enjoy surfing. It’s difficult. (although)

Exercise 175. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.

1. I haven’t worn my blue dress for a long time.

since It’s a long time ...since I last wore... my blue dress.

2. There was a queue at the supermarket so I was late home.

due I arrived home late … there was a queue at the supermarket.

3. James has decided to buy a motorbike; we can’t stop him.

prevent We can’t … a motorbike.

4. She studied biology because she wanted to be a nurse.

view She studied biology … a nurse.

5. He was hard-working but he couldn’t find a job.

though Hard-working … not find a job.

6. She left all her money in the bank because she was afraid of being burgled.

fear She left all her money in the bank … burgled.

7. I cashed a cheque because I might need more money.

case I cashed a cheque … money.

8. Take some sandwiches. There may not be a cafe at the station.

in Take some sandwiches … a cafe at the station.

9. My little brother is very different from me.

like My little brother is … me.

10. He was the only one who didn’t enjoy the film.

except Everyone … him.

11. Always drive carefully if you don’t want to have an accident.

avoid Always drive carefully … an accident.

12. He won’t agree to modernizing the office, not even to hiring more staff.

alone He won’t agree to modernizing the office … more staff.

13. Whatever you say, I will never marry him.

what I will never marry him … you say.

14. You can come with me but only if you promise to behave yourself.

provided You can come with me … to behave yourself.

15. Once everybody had arrived, the teacher began the lesson.

had The teacher waited … she started the lesson.

16. I used to work in that shop.

where That’s the shop work.

17. She was so worried that she couldn’t concentrate on her work.

too She was … on her work.

18. I didn’t tell him what I thought because I didn’t want to upset him.

so I didn’t tell him what I thought … him.

19. It was such a loud bang that we all jumped.

so It was … we all jumped.

20. The music was too loud; I got a headache.

such It was … I got a headache.

Exercise 176. Find the word which should not be in the sentence.

1. He was promoted as because of his exceptional performance at work. 2. As a result of his being waking up late, he missed the meeting. 3. The woman who greeting the crowd is the Duchess of Kent. 4. The star hired a bodyguard for fear of she might be kidnapped. 5. A pen is used for to writing. 6. Despite of being pressed for time, he listened to her complaints. 7. Brilliant though his proposals as were, they were not accepted. 8. Those whose houses were damaged by the flood they will be compensated. 9. I’ll collect the tickets before I will go to the office. 10. Nobody knows the reason for his absence. 11. She crossed the street to avoid from meeting him. 12. How so considerate of you to give us a call! 13. The man that arrested for arson will appear in court today. 14. When they will finish rehearsing, they are planning to give a press conference. 15. They introduced new measures in order that to control the situation. 16. She has got so little of information that she can’t possibly help us. 17. They’re planning to record the match in case they will miss it. 18. Theirs was such a nice furniture that we all admired it. 19. What an awful weather! 20. This is the fireman who he risked his life to save the girl. 21. We were running out of time so that we had to make haste. 22. He decided to visit the place where Monet spent his life there. 23. The MP, whose his speech made such an impression, is leaving for Paris tonight. 24. He left early so that as to be sure of getting to work on time. 25. John acts as if he were been in charge of the whole department.