- •1. Study key terms and their definitions before reading Text a & b:
- •2. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •Read the text to be ready to answer the questions given after the text:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following word combinations. Write your own sentences using them.
- •Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following word combinations.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •The italicized words in the sentences below are found in this unit. Study the sentences. Then identify the part of speech and write your own definition for the word on the line provided.
- •In each set of words, cross out the word that does not have a similar meaning to the first. Compare your answers with another student. Discuss why the words are similar.
- •Complete the table with word families.
- •A) Study more word combinations with “market”.
- •VIII. Find the most appropriate word to complete the sentences.
- •IX. Translate into English:
- •X. Complete the table:
- •I. A) Before you listen, discuss the following with you partner:
- •II. A) Before you listen, discuss this question with your partner.
- •Read the following text. For each gap choose the best word a, b, or c. Make up a plan of the text. Before reading study the following economic terms:
- •II. You are going to read the text about the market.
- •Markets
- •III. A) Read the following text and write short headings for each paragraph.
- •IV. Scan the text. Title it and prepare a brief summary of the text.
- •Text b Types of monopolies
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following word combinations. Write your own sentences using them.
- •Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following word combinations.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Types of Market Failures
- •1. Mark these statements t (true) or f (false) according to the information in the text. Find the part of the text that gives the correct information.
- •Dealing with externalities
- •When business merge
- •The Role of Government
- •Improve economic efficiency
- •Реальні та ідеальні ринкові структури
- •I. Complete the words below to match the following meaning.
- •II. Choose the correct variant:
The Role of Government
We know that resources are scarce, and because of scarce resources we have to make careful choices if we are to satisfy our many wants and needs. We also know that competitive markets are one of the best ways to make this happen. At the same time, markets can fail. When they do, the government can step in and fix the problem.
MAINTAIN COMPETITION
There are two ways that government can maintain competitive markets. One is by prohibiting market structures that are not competitive. The other is by regulating markets where full competition is not possible.
Antitrust Legislation. In the late 1800s, the United States passed laws to restrict monopolies and trusts – combinations of firms designed to restrict competition or control prices in a particular industry. Since then, several laws have been passed that allow the government to either prevent or break up monopolies and trusts, thus preventing market failures due to inadequate competition.
Government Regulation. Not all monopolies are bad, and for that reason not all should be broken up. In the case of a natural monopoly, it makes sense to let the firm expand to take advantage of lower production costs, and then regulate its activities so that it cannot take advantage of the consumer. Local and state governments regulate many monopolies, such as cable television companies, and water and electric utilities.
Improve economic efficiency
The government has the ability to correct two market failures that interfere with competitive markets: inadequate information and public goods.
Promote Transparency. Efficient and competitive markets need adequate information. Transparency is a term used to indicate that information and actions are not hidden and instead are easily available for review.
Public disclosure, the requirement that businesses reveal certain information to the public, is an important way to do this. Most government documents, studies, and reports are now available on the Internet.
Provide Public Goods. A free enterprise economy does not provide public goods in sufficient quantity because such efforts usually do not result in direct financial gain. This means that many of the things society values – good roads and highways, museums and libraries, and education – must be provided by government.
Public goods are important because they make the economy more productive. For example, businesses need reliable transportation so that they can move their raw materials and final products. In addition, their employees need to be able to easily communite to and from work.
So because the government is involved in certain aspects of our economy, it is a modified version of free enterprise.
Read the article carefully and complete the exercise that follows.
Use a graphic organizer similar to the one bellow to identify how the federal government can maintain competition and improve economic efficiency.
Action |
Purpose |
Antitrust legislation |
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ACTIVITY 5
Before you read the following article, skim through it quickly and underline two sentences that convey the main ideas.
A jeans factory in Durham, North Carolina, produces designer jeans for men and women. These jeans can be purchased throughout the USA. What happens from the time the jeans are produced in North Carolina to the time a shopper in Portland or Miami decides to buy them?
As you have learned, a market is an arrangement in which buyers and sellers make exchanges. To an economist, everything that takes place between production and purchase is considered marketing. These are activities that bring buyers and sellers together. In addition to advertising, marketing includes buying and selling, transporting and storing, product planning, market research, product support, customer service, financing, insurance, and other tasks.
Businesses market their goods and services to people they think will buy them. To accomplish this goal, businesses assign different marketing jobs to different parts of their work force. A major corporation may have hundreds of people to test new product ideas. Other people will develop and perfect packaging designs. Still others will promote and advertise the products.
Further, entire industries have developed to offer specialized marketing support and services to businesses. They help businesses to differentiate their products, establish competitive prices, develop effective promotions, and see that products are available when and where consumers want them.
ACTIVITY 6
Summarize the following text in 50 words.
Монополістична конкуренція - це така ринкова ситуація, за якої відносно велика кількість невеликих виробників пропонують схожу, але не ідентичну продукцію.
Із самої назви випливає, що монополістичній конкуренції властиві риси як монополії, так і досконалої конкуренції.
Розпочав вивчення монополістичної конкуренції Едвард X. Чемберлен із Гарвардського університету. У його книзі "Монополістична конкуренція", яка вийшла в 1933 р., стверджувалось, що в сучасних економіках практично всі ринки недосконало конкурентні. Незалежно від нього, також у 1933 р., Джоан Робінсон із Кембриджського університету опублікувала книгу "Економіка недосконалої конкуренції", в якій підкреслювалися ті ж моменти і розвивалася сучасна теорія монополістичної поведінки.
Олігополія - це ринкова структура, що характеризується дуже невеликою кількістю продавців, пов'язаних взаємною залежністю, а поява нових продавців утруднена або неможлива.
Є багато причин для існування олігополії. Одна з них економія, зумовлена зростанням виробництва. У деяких галузях неможливо досягнути низьких витрат, поки фірма займає значний відсоток ринку. Наслідком цього є тенденція фірм до зменшення своїх розмірів.
Друга причина існування олігополії - наявність інших бар'єрів для входження у ринок інших фірм (володіння патентами, контроль над стратегічною сировиною, видатки на рекламу).
Щоб бути в олігопольному становищі, не обов'язково бути великою фірмою. Якщо в обмеженому економічному просторі є два однотипні магазини, вони також є олігололістами. Те, що вони малі, не впливає на ситуацію.
критеріями. Якщо фірми виробляють однорідний продукт (цемент, мідь), то галузевий ринок називають чисто олігополістичним. Якщо фірми виробляють диференційований продукт (автомобілі, сигарети), то галузевий ринок називають диференційовано олігополістичним. Також олігополії можна поділити на ті, що виникли в результаті таємних домовленостей, і на ті, що діють незалежно.
