PS-2020a / part17

Y VOI LUT Functions (Informative)​

Digital projection X-ray images typically have a very high dynamic range due to the digital detector's performance. In order to display​ these images, various Values Of Interest (VOI) transformations can be applied to the images to facilitate diagnostic interpretation.​ The original description of the DICOM grayscale pipeline assumed that either the parameters of a linear LUT (window center and​ width) are used, or a static non-linear LUT is applied (VOI LUT).​

Normally,adisplayapplicationinterpretsthewindowcenterandwidthasparametersofafunctionfollowingalinearlaw(seeFigureY-​ 1).​

Window center

Window width

Figure Y-1. Linear Window Center and Width​

A VOI LUT sequence can be provided to describe a non-linear LUT as a table of values, with the limitation that the parameters of this​ LUT cannot be adjusted subsequently, unless the application provides the ability to scale the output of the LUT (and there is no way​ in DICOM to save such a change unless a new scaled LUT is built), or to fit a curve to the LUT data, which may then be difficult to​ parametrize or adjust, or be a poor fit.​

Digital X-ray applications all have their counterpart in conventional film/screen X-ray and a critical requirement for such applications​ is to have an image "look" close to the film/screen applications. In the film/screen world the image dynamics are mainly driven by the​ H-D curve of the film that is the plot of the resulting optical density (OD) of the film with respect to the logarithm of the exposure. The​ typical appearance of an H-D curve is illustrated in Figure Y-2.​

Figure Y-2. H-D Curve​

In digital applications, a straightforward way to mock up a film-like look would be to use a VOI LUT that has a similar shape to an H-​ D curve, namely a toe, a linear part and a shoulder instead of a linear ramp.​

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While such a curve could be encoded as data within a VOI LUT, DICOM defines an alternative for interpreting the existing window​ center and width parameters, as the parameters of a non-linear function.​

Figure Y-3 illustrates the shape of a typical sigmoid as well as the graphical interpretation of the two LUT parameters window center​ and window width. This figure corresponds to the equation definition in PS3.3 for the VOI LUT Function (0028,1056) is SIGMOID.​

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Window center

Window width

Figure Y-3. Sigmoid LUT​

If a receiving display application does not support the SIGMOID VOI LUT Function, then it can successfully apply the same window​ center and window width parameters to a linear ramp and achieve acceptable results, specifically a similar perceived contrast but​ without the roll-off at the shoulder and toe.​

Areceivingdisplayapplicationthatdoessupportsuchafunctionisthenabletoallowtheusertoadjustthewindowcenterandwindow​ width with a more acceptable resulting appearance.​

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ZX-RayIsocenterReferenceTransformations​ (Informative)​

Z.1 Introduction​

The Isocenter Reference System Attributes describe the 3D geometry of the X-Ray equipment composed by the X-Ray positioner​ and the X-Ray table.​

These Attributes define three coordinate systems in the 3D space:​

•​Isocenter coordinate system​

•​Positioner coordinate system​

•​Table coordinate system​

The Isocenter Reference System Attributes describe the relationship between the 3D coordinates of a point in the table coordinate​ system and the 3D coordinates of such point in the positioner coordinate system (both systems moving in the equipment), by using​ the Isocenter coordinate system that is fixed in the equipment.​

Z.2 Positioner Coordinate System Transformations​

Any point of the Positioner coordinate system (PXp, PYp, PZp) can be expressed in the Isocenter coordinate system (PX, PY, PZ) by​ applying the following transformation:​

And inversely, any point of the Isocenter coordinate system (P X , P Y , P Z ) can be expressed in the Positioner coordinate system​ (P Xp , P Yp , P Zp ) by applying the following transformation:​

Z.3 Table Coordinate System Transformations​

Any point of the table coordinate system (PXt, PYt, PZt) (see Figure Z-1) can be expressed in the Isocenter Reference coordinate​ system (PX, PY, PZ) by applying the following transformation:​

And inversely, any point of the Isocenter coordinate system (PX, PY, PZ) can be expressed in the table coordinate system (PXt, PYt,​ PZt) by applying the following transformation:​

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Figure Z-1. Coordinates of a Point "P" in the Isocenter and Table coordinate systems​

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AA Radiation Dose Reporting Use Cases​ (Informative)​

AA.1 Purpose of This Annex​

This Annex describes the use of the X-Ray Radiation Dose SR Object. Multiple systems contributing to patient care during a visit may​ expose the patient to irradiation during diagnostic and/ or interventional procedures. Each of those equipments may record the dose​ inanX-RayDoseReportinginformationobject.Radiationsafetyinformationreportingsystemsmaytakeadvantageofthisinformation​ and create dose reports for a visit, parts of a procedure performed or accumulation for the patient in total, if information is completely​ available in a structured content.​

AA.2 Definitions​

Irradiation Event​

An irradiation event is the loading of X-Ray equipment caused by a single continuous actuation of the equipment's irradiation switch,​ from the start of the loading time of the first pulse until the loading time trailing edge of the final pulse. The irradiation event is the​ "smallest" information entity to be recorded in the realm of Radiation Dose reporting. Individual Irradiation Events are described by a​ set of accompanying physical parameters that are sufficient to understand the "quality" of irradiation that is being applied. This set of​ parameters may be different for the various types of equipment that are able to create irradiation events. Any on-off switching of the​ irradiation source during the event is not treated as separate events, rather the event includes the time between start and stop of irra-​ diation as triggered by the user. E.g., a pulsed fluoro X-Ray acquisition is treated as a single irradiation event.​

Irradiation events include all exposures performed on X-Ray equipment, independent of whether a DICOM Image Object is being​ created. That is why an irradiation event needs to be described with sufficient Attributes to exchange the physical nature of irradiation​ applied.​

Accumulated Dose Values​

Accumulated Dose Values describe the integrated results of performing multiple irradiation events. The scope of accumulation is​ typically a study or a performed procedure step. Multiple Radiation Dose objects may be created for one Study or one Radiation Dose​ object may be created for multiple performed procedures.​

AA.3 Use Cases​

The following use cases illustrate the information flow between participating roles and the possible capabilities of the equipment that​ is performing in those roles. Each case will include a use case diagram and denote the integration requirements. The diagrams will​ denote actors (persons in role or other systems involved in the process of data handling and/or storage). Furthermore, in certain​ cases it is assumed that the equipment (e.g., Acquisition Modality) is capable of displaying the contents of any dose reports it creates.​

These use cases are only examples of possible uses for the Dose Report, and are by no means exhaustive.​

AA.3.1 Basic Dose Reporting​

This is the basic use case for electronic dose reporting. See Figure AA.3-1.​

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1. Set-up acquisition

2. Perform Acquisition

3. Create Dose Report

4. Verify, Add Comments to Dose Report

5.Send Images

6.Send Dose Report

7. Retrieve Dose Report

Figure AA.3-1. Basic Dose Reporting​

InthisusecasetheusersetsuptheAcquisitionModality,andperformsthestudy.TheModalitycapturestheirradiationeventexposure​ information, and encodes it together with the accumulated values in a Dose Report. The Modality may allow the user to review the​ dose report, and to add comments. The acquired images and Dose Report are sent to a Long-Term Storage system (e.g., PACS)​ that is capable of storing Dose Report objects.​

ADisplayStationmayretrievetheDoseReportfromtheStoragesystem,anddisplayit.BecausetheX-RayRadiationDoseSRobject​ is a proper subset of the Enhanced SR object, the Display Station may render it using the same functionality as used for displaying​ any Enhanced SR object.​

AA.3.2 Dose Reporting For Non-digital Imaging​

The Dose Report may also be used for image acquisitions using non-digital Acquisition Modalities. See Figure AA.3-2.​

1. Set-up acquisition

2. Perform Acquisition

3. Enter Dose Information

4. Create Dose Report

5. Send Dose Report

Figure AA.3-2. Dose Reporting for Non-Digital Imaging​

In this use case the user may manually enter the irradiation event exposure information into a Dose Reporting Station, possibly tran-​ scribing it from a dosimeter read-out display. The station encodes the data in a Dose Report and sends it to a Storage system. The​ same Dose Reporting Station may be used to support several acquisition modalities.​

This case may be useful in film-only radiography environments, or in mixed film and digital environments, where the DICOM X-Ray​ Radiation Dose SR Object provides a standard format for recording and storing irradiation events.​

Note that in a non-PACS environment, the Dose Reports may be sent to a Long-Term Storage function built into a Radiation Safety​ workstation or information system.​

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AA.3.3 Dose Reporting Post-processing​

AspecializedRadiationSafetyworkstationthemaycontributetotheprocessofdosereportingintermsofmoreelaboratecalculations​ orgraphicaldosedatadisplays,orbyaggregatingdosedataovermultiplestudies.SeeFigureAA.3-3.TheRadiationSafetyworkstation​ may or may not be integrated with the Long-Term Storage function in a single system; such application entity architectural decisions​ are outside the scope of DICOM, but DICOM services and information objects do facilitate a variety of possible architectures.​

1. Send Dose Report

2. Retrieve Dose Reports

3. Send Regulatory Dose Reports

4. Store Cumulative Dose Report

5.Retrieve Referenced Images

6.Create Dose Map

7.Store Dose Map

Figure AA.3-3. Dose Reporting Post-Processing​

The Radiation Safety workstation may be able to create specific reports to respond to dose registry requirements, as established by​ local regulatory authorities. These reports would generally not be in DICOM format, but would be generated from the data in DICOM​ X-Ray Radiation Dose SR objects.​

The Radiation Safety workstation may also be used to generate more elaborate reports on patient applied dose. The workstation may​ retrieve the Dose Reports for multiple procedures performed on a particular patient. A report of the cumulative dose for a specified​ time period, or for a visit/admission, may be generated, encoded as a DICOM Dose Report, and stored in the Long-Term Storage​ system. Any such further reports will be stored in addition to the "basic report".​

Note that such cumulative Dose Reports may describe irradiation events that are also documented in other Dose Reports. The as-​ signment of a UID to each irradiation event allows the application to identify unique irradiation events that may be reported in multiple​ objects. The structure of the X-Ray Radiation Dose SR object also allows a cumulative report to reference the contributing report​ objects using the Predecessor Documents Sequence (0040,A360) Attribute.​

AnadvancedapplicationmaybeabletousetheDoseReportdata,potentiallysupplementedbythedataintheimageobjectsreferenced​ in the Dose Report, to create a Dose Map that visualizes applied dose. Such a Dose Map may be sent to the Long-Term Storage​ system using an appropriate object format.​

Other purposes of the Radiation Safety workstation may include statistical analyses over all Dose Report Objects in order to gain in-​ formation for educational or quality control purposes. This may include searches for Reports performed in certain time ranges, or with​ specific equipment, or using certain protocols.​

AA.3.4 Dose Reporting Workflow Management​

The dose reporting workflow may be managed using the same DICOM services used for managing the imaging workflow.​

Inparticular,aDoseReportproducedforanAcquisitionModalityPerformedProcedureStepcanbeidentifiedintheMPPSReferenced​

Non-Image Composite SOP Instance Sequence (0040,0220).​

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BB Printing (Informative)​

BB.1 Example of Print Management SCU Session (Informative)​

BB.1.1 Simple Example​

This example of a Print Management SCU Session is provided for informational purposes only. It illustrates the use of one of the​ Basic Print Management Meta SOP Classes.​

Example BB.1-1. Simple Example of Print Management SCU Session​

A-ASSOCIATE

N-GET (PRINTER SOP Instance) N-CREATE (Film Session SOP Instance) for (each film of film session)

{

N-CREATE (Film Box SOP Instance) for (each image of film)

{

N-SET (Image Box SOP Instance that encapsulates a PREFORMATTED IMAGE SOP Instance)

}

if (no collation)

{

N-ACTION (PRINT, Film Box SOP Instance)

N-DELETE (Film Box SOP Instance)

}

}

if (collation)

{

N-ACTION (PRINT, Film Session SOP Instance)

N-DELETE (Film Session SOP Instance)

}

N-EVENT-REPORT (PRINTER SOP Instance)

A-RELEASE

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BB.1.2 Advanced Example (Retired)​

This section was previously defined in DICOM. It is now retired. See PS3.4-1998.​

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