- •1. Theoretical grammar and its subject.
- •2. Functions of the indefinite article.
- •3. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group.
- •1. General principles of grammatical analysis.
- •2. Functions of the definite article.
- •3. Classification of word-groups.
- •1. General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •2. Functions of the zero article.
- •3. Subordinate word-groups.
- •1. Notions of ‘system’ and ‘structure’.
- •2. The main features of the verb.
- •3. The noun-phrase (np).
- •1. General characteristics of linguistic units.
- •2. Classifications of English verbs.
- •3. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts.
- •1. Linguistic unit.
- •2. Forms of verb stems.
- •3. The verb-phrase.
- •1. Language and speech.
- •2. The division of the verbs.
- •3. Classification of verb-phrases.
- •1. Systemic relations in language.
- •2. The inner character of the process denoted by the verb.
- •3. Predicative word-groups.
- •1. General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •2. Aspective subclasses of verbs.
- •3. The sentence.
- •1. Structural types of languages.
- •2. The binary actional-statal distribution.
- •3. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •1. Morphology and syntax as two parts of linguistic description.
- •2. The category of voice.
- •3. The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.
- •1. A word as a complex linguistic unit.
- •2. The category of tense.
- •3. Text as a syntactic unit.
- •2. The Category of aspect.
- •3. The notion of coherence.
- •2. General characteristics of syntax.
- •3. The notion of cohesion. Text connecting devices.
- •1. Grammatical categories.
- •2. Basic units of Syntax: Phrase and sentence.
- •3. Textual deictic markers.
- •1. The notion of opposition.
- •2. Main types of syntactic relations.
- •3. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •1. Transposition and neutralization of morphological forms.
- •2. Nominative classification of phrases.
- •3. Classifications of speech acts. Indirect speech acts.
- •1. The parts of speech problem.
- •2. The basic principles of sentence division.
- •3. Discourse analysis. Implicatures and indirectness of discourse.
- •1. Word classes.
- •2. Language means of expressing the theme (Языковые средства выражения темы)
- •3. Textual deictic markers.
- •1. Criteria of characterisation of the Noun.
- •2. Language means of expressing the rheme (Языковые средства выражения темы)
- •3. Classifications of English verbs.
- •1. The category of number.
- •2. Classification of sentences.
- •3. The parts of speech problem.
- •1. The category of case.
- •2. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •3. Structural types of languages.
- •1. General characteristics of English verbs.
- •2. Basic syntactic notions.
- •3. The article. Functions of the articles.
- •1. The article. Functions of the articles.
- •2. Syntactic relations.
- •3. Classifications of English verbs.
1. Word classes.
Modern grammars normally recognise four major word classes (verb, noun, adjective, adverb) and five other word classes (determiners(, preposition(предлог), pronoun, conjunction (союз), interjection(междометие)), making nine word classes (or parts of speech) in total.
A noun is a word that identifies:
a person (man, girl, engineer, friend) a thing (horse, wall, flower, country) an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness)
Nouns are the most common type of word, followed by verbs.
A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs describe:
an action – jump, stop, explore\ an event – snow, happen \ a situation – be, seem, have \ a change – evolve, develop
An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it. For example:
an exciting adventure
a green apple
Adverbs are words that to give information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, like: quickly, back, ever, badly, away generally, completely
They can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker, and often appear between the subject and its verb (She nearly lost everything.)
Nouns are the most common type of word, followed by verbs. Adjectives are less common and adverbs are even less common.
Many words belong to more than one word class. For example, book can be used as a noun or as a verb; fast can be used as an adjective or an adverb:
It’s an interesting book. (noun)
We ought to book a holiday soon. (verb)
Pronouns are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already been mentioned. This is often done in order to avoid repeating the noun. For example:
Laura left early because she was tired.
Prepositions (предлоги) are words usually in front of a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, like: after, down, near, of, plus, round, to. They show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Interjections(междометия) have no grammatical value - words like: ah, hey, oh, ouch, um, well. is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger. Exclamations often stand on their own
A conjunction (союз) (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but, for, if, or, and when. Conjunctions are used to connect phrases, clauses, and sentences.
A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (as in a dog, the dog, this dog, those dogs, every dog, many dogs).
The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite article and the determiner a (or an) as the indefinite article.
2. Language means of expressing the theme (Языковые средства выражения темы)
The theme expresses the starting point of the communication, The theme of the actual division of the sentence may or may not coincide with the subject of the sentence.
The theme may or may not coincide with the subject of the sentence. The rheme with a predicate. The actual division finds its full expression only in a concrete context of speech. If it is stylistically neutral construction the theme is the subject and the rheme is the predicate and this kind of actual division is direct. The actual division in which the rheme is expressed by the subject is inverted.
Means of expressing theme
1.Definite article.
2.Word order.
The theme is expressed by the subject. For ex; Stewie didnt like his breakfast (Stewie это subject)