- •1. Theoretical grammar and its subject.
- •2. Functions of the indefinite article.
- •3. Definition and general characteristics of the word-group.
- •1. General principles of grammatical analysis.
- •2. Functions of the definite article.
- •3. Classification of word-groups.
- •1. General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •2. Functions of the zero article.
- •3. Subordinate word-groups.
- •1. Notions of ‘system’ and ‘structure’.
- •2. The main features of the verb.
- •3. The noun-phrase (np).
- •1. General characteristics of linguistic units.
- •2. Classifications of English verbs.
- •3. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts.
- •1. Linguistic unit.
- •2. Forms of verb stems.
- •3. The verb-phrase.
- •1. Language and speech.
- •2. The division of the verbs.
- •3. Classification of verb-phrases.
- •1. Systemic relations in language.
- •2. The inner character of the process denoted by the verb.
- •3. Predicative word-groups.
- •1. General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •2. Aspective subclasses of verbs.
- •3. The sentence.
- •1. Structural types of languages.
- •2. The binary actional-statal distribution.
- •3. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •1. Morphology and syntax as two parts of linguistic description.
- •2. The category of voice.
- •3. The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.
- •1. A word as a complex linguistic unit.
- •2. The category of tense.
- •3. Text as a syntactic unit.
- •2. The Category of aspect.
- •3. The notion of coherence.
- •2. General characteristics of syntax.
- •3. The notion of cohesion. Text connecting devices.
- •1. Grammatical categories.
- •2. Basic units of Syntax: Phrase and sentence.
- •3. Textual deictic markers.
- •1. The notion of opposition.
- •2. Main types of syntactic relations.
- •3. Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •1. Transposition and neutralization of morphological forms.
- •2. Nominative classification of phrases.
- •3. Classifications of speech acts. Indirect speech acts.
- •1. The parts of speech problem.
- •2. The basic principles of sentence division.
- •3. Discourse analysis. Implicatures and indirectness of discourse.
- •1. Word classes.
- •2. Language means of expressing the theme (Языковые средства выражения темы)
- •3. Textual deictic markers.
- •1. Criteria of characterisation of the Noun.
- •2. Language means of expressing the rheme (Языковые средства выражения темы)
- •3. Classifications of English verbs.
- •1. The category of number.
- •2. Classification of sentences.
- •3. The parts of speech problem.
- •1. The category of case.
- •2. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •3. Structural types of languages.
- •1. General characteristics of English verbs.
- •2. Basic syntactic notions.
- •3. The article. Functions of the articles.
- •1. The article. Functions of the articles.
- •2. Syntactic relations.
- •3. Classifications of English verbs.
2. Nominative classification of phrases.
There are several classifications of phrases by different linguists. The traditional classification is based on the part of speech status of the phrase constituents. So, there are “noun+noun”, “adjective+noun”, “verb+noun”, “verb+adverb”, “adverb+adjective”, “adverb+adverb” types of phrases. Phrases are made up not only by notional words but also by functional words, e.g.: “in accordance with”, “due to”, “apart form”, “as soon as” – such phrases function in the sentence like prepositions and conjunctions.
Phrases can also be classified according to the nominative value of their constituents. As a result three major types of phrases are identified: notional (consisting of grammatically connected notional words),formative (made up by notional and functional words – natural for us to expect) and functional, consisting of functional words alone. Notional phrases are subdivided into two groups on the principle of the constituent rank: equipotent phrases (the constituents are of equal rank – young and charming- co-ordinating) and dominational phrases (the syntactic ranks of the constituents are not equal as they refer to one another as the modifier and the modified - subordinating). Dominational phrases can be semi-predicative (a cat walking by himself), objective – bought a house (direct),think of a reason (indirect), qualifying: attributive – famous people, and adverbial – seriously ill, surprisingly intelligent.
Phrases can also be divided according to their function in the sentence into (1) those which perform the function of one or more parts of the sentence, for example, predicate, or predicate and object, or predicate and adverbial modifier, etc., and (2) those which do not perform any such function but whose function is equivalent to that of a preposition, or conjunction (in accordance with, in favour of, in spite of the fact that) and which are, in fact, to all intents and purposes equivalents of those parts of speech. The former of these two classes comprises the overwhelming majority of English phrases, but the latter is no less important from a general point of view.
Glossary of linguistic terms:
1. equipotent - равносильный
2. dominational – с преобладанием одной из частей
3. semi-predicative – полу-предикативный
3. Classifications of speech acts. Indirect speech acts.
People use language to accomplish certain kinds of acts, broadly known as speech acts, and distinct from physical acts like drinking a glass of water, or mental acts like thinking about drinking a glass of water. Speech acts include asking for a glass of water, promising to drink a glass of water, threatening to drink a glass of water, ordering someone to drink a glass of water, and so on.
Most of these ought really to be called "communicative acts", since speech and even language are not strictly required. Thus someone can ask for a glass of water by pointing to a pitcher and miming the act of drinking.
It's common to divide speech acts into two categories: direct and indirect.
Indirect Speech Acts
Returning to the speech act of questioning, we can easily come up with a number of alternate ways to ask the same question by using sentence types other than interrogative. Let's look again at the interrogative sentence:
(d1) Did Jenny get an A on the test?
A positive answer ("yes") to that question would give the questioner the actual answer she wanted, but now consider (d2)
(d2) Do you know if Jenny got an A on the test?
This is still in the form of a question, but it probably is not an inquiry about what you know. Most of the time, the answer "yes, I do" would be ostentatiously uncooperative. The normal answer we would expect in real life would be "Yes, she did", or "No, she only got a B", or something of the sort. Here the reply is directed to the speech act meaning, not the literal meaning. A simple "yes" answer that responds to the literal meaning would usually be taken for an uncooperative answer in actual social life (for example "Yes, I do") would be heard as "Yes, I do, but I'm not necessarily going to tell you".
Other indirect ways of asking the same question, using the declarative form, are listed in (d3) and (d4).
(d3) I'd like to know if Jenny got an A on the test.
(d4) I wonder whether Jenny got an A on the test.
In the case of the speech act of requesting or ordering, speakers can be even more indirect. As in the case of questions, conventional indirect requests may, taken literally, be questions about the addressee's knowledge or ability. Here is a direct request:
(e1)( Please) close the window.
Conventional indirect requests may be expressed as questions as in (e2) and (e3), or as assertions (e4). In context, (e5) and (e6) may also be immediately understood as a complaints, meant as an indirect request for action.
(e2) Could you close the window?
(e3) Would you mind closing the window?
(e4) I would like you to close the window.
Билет 18