In emphatic and emotional speech an extra high and an extra low pitch levels may be distinguished additionally to three unemphatic pitch levels.

PITCH RANGE (мелодійний діапазон) is the interval between two pitch levels (мелодійних рівнів) or two-differently-pitched syllables or parts of a syllable. Pitch range can be wide or narrow. Pitch level and pitch range are interdependent.

E.g. the pitch range between two syllables is narrow when the first syllable is pronounced on a high level and the second – on a mid level.	______________________ _____ _____ _______________________
E.g. the pitch range between two syllables is wide when the first syllable is pronounced on a high level and the second – on a low level.	______________________ _____ _____ _______________________

The SEMANTIC MEANINGS of nuclear terms are difficult to specify in general terms. Usually falling tones imply the sense of finality. The rising tones carry the sense of incompletion. Level tones express hesitation and uncertainty.

The Low Fall	Impression of neutral, calm finality, definiteness, resoluteness
The High Fall	Personal concern, interest, warmth; sounds very emotional
The Low Rise	Conveys the meaning of non-finality, incompleteness, hesitation
The High Rise	Calling for repetition or additional information; check of the info
The Rise-Fall	Impression of challenge, even hostility
The Fall-Rise	The speaker is deeply impressed (favourably or not)
The Mid-Level	Expression of non-finality

. RHYTHM: DEFINITION. KINDS

RHYTHM – is a regular flow of speech in which stressed and unstressed syllables occur at definite intervals.

kinds of rhythm
syllable-timed rhythm	stress-timed rhythm
French, Spanish, Japanese All syllables are of equal value; they follow each other with equal length and force. The rhythm is even, based on a smooth flow of syllables without a strong contrast of stress. English with this kind of rhythm would be hard to understand.	English, Ukrainian, Russian There is a change of strongly and weakly stressed syllables. It is the stress (stressed syllables) that occurs at fairy equal intervals of time. The basic rhythmic unit is a rhythmic group – a speech segment, which contains a stressed syllable and unstressed syllable(s), attached to it.

TEMPO OF SPEECH is the relative speed of utterance which is measured by the rate of syllable succession, and the number and duration of pauses in a sentence. The average rate of delivery may contain 2 to 4 syllables per second for slow speech (lento), from 3 to 6 syllables per second for normal speech, and 5 to 9 syllables per second for fast speech (allegro).

PAUSE is an act of stopping in the flow of speech. Acoustically, a pause is the absence of sound. Physiologically, it is the absence of articulation. Pauses are used for physiological purposes (to inhale the air), for semantic purposes (to show the link between phrases or syntagms), and for emphatic purposes (e.g. to express surprise, bewilderment, astonishment, etc.).

VOICE TIMBER is the ‘colour’ or ‘tonal quality’ of voice. Timbre depends on the physiological properties and psychological state of a person.

. INTONATION: STYLISTIC USE

Phonostylistics is the study of intonational functional styles.

It's of common knowledge that much of what people say depends on the situation they are in. A person speaks differently on different occasions (e.g. when you're talking with your bosom friend or an official person; delivering a lecture or reading news on TV or over the radio; reciting a piece of poetry on the stage). That means that every functional style is situationally determined.

The choice of a proper style is also associated with social context or social identity of the speaker (their social status, occupation) as the language of an educated person differs greatly from the language, for example, of a cockney even if the speech situation is similar. Phonostylistic differences are conditioned by such extra-linguistic factors as age, sex, personal characteristics, purpose, and emotional state of the speaker.

7. INTONATIONAL STYLE - Костюк

INTONATIONAL STYLE is a system of interrelated intonational means which is used in a social sphere and serves a definite aim of communication. There distinguished five styles:

1. Informational

2. Academic (Scientific);

3. Publicistic (Oratorial);

4. Declamatory (Artistic);

5. Conversational (Familiar).

Informational/formal style is characterized by the predominant use of intellectual intonation patterns. It occurs in formal discourse & the task set by the speaker is to present information without any emotional evaluation. This functional style is widely used by radio & TV announcers. It's considered to be stylistically neutral.

In scientific/academic style intellectual & volitional, desiderative intonation patterns are used. This functional style is used by lecturers, school teachers, scientists in formal & in informal discussions.

In declamatory/oratorical style intellectual & volitional & emotional intonation patterns have an equal share. It's used in stage speech, classroom recitation, verse-speaking, reading aloud fiction.

Publicistic style is characterized by predominance of volitional or desiderative intonation patterns. It's made resort to by political speech-makers, radio & TV commentators, participants of press conferences & interviews, judges in courts of law.

The usage of familiar/conversational style is typical of the English of everyday life in one-sided (monologue) & balanced (dialogue) types of conversations between intimate friends or well-acquainted people.

The usage of a definite functional style is based on the assumption that there are three types of information to present in communication:

1) intellectual information;

2) emotional & attitudinal information;

3) volitional & desiderative information.

Besides, the choice of an intonational style is determined by the purpose of communication and then by a number of other extralinguistic (social) factors.

ACCENT: DEFINITION - Кріль

A

literary pronunciation = standard of pronunciation

n ACCENT is a set of pronunciation patterns used by the members of the same speech community for communication.

The accent accepted by the educated speakers throughout the national community