Lesson 7

Грамматика: 1. Сопоставление будущих времен в активном залоге (§ 16 ) 2. Выражение запланированного будущего с помощью «to be going to» (§ 17) Устная тема: Cities of the World

Grammar Review

I. Сравните предложения в Future Simple, Future Continuous или Future Perfect, обращая внимание на маркеры:

1. I will play guitar tomorrow evening.

2. I will be playing guitar when you come.

3. I will have played guitar by 6 p.m tomorrow.

4. We will take some books from the library next Friday.

5. We will be taking books from library at that time tomorrow.

6. We will have taken the books from the library by the time you come.

7. My sister will write a letter to our aunt in 10 minutes.

8. My sister will have written a letter to our aunt by next evening.

9. My sister will be writing a letter to our aunt while I’ll be cooking dinner.

10. When you (to go) to see your friend next time?

II. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках в одном из будущих времен:

1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow.

2. I (to do) my homework at six o'clock tomorrow.

3. I (to do) my homework by six o'clock tomorrow.

4. When I come home tomorrow, my family (to have) supper.

5. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. I (to do) my homework by the time you come.

6. Don't come to my place tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening.

7. How many pages you (to read) by five o'clock tomorrow?

8. What you (to do) tomorrow?

9. What you (to do) at eight o'clock tomorrow?

10. You (to do) this work by next Sunday?

III. Переведите следующие предложения с выражением to be going to do something (собираться что-либо делать):

1. My uncle has bought bricks. He is going to build a new house.

2. Has he decided how to spend his money? – Yes, he is going to buy a car.

3. Why have you brought your guitar? Are you going to sing at the party?

4. We’ve got tickets and tomorrow evening we are going to the cinema.

5. We were going to the Zoo but the weather has suddenly changed.

6. You have packed the suitcase. Where are you going to?

7. They have got a lot of apples. Mother is going to cook an apple pie.

8. There are a lot of documents on your table. What are you going to do?

IV. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1. Что вы собираетесь делать завтра вечером?

2. О чем вы собираетесь говорить с ними?

3. Они собираются строить новый дом в нашем районе в будущем году.

4. Мы собираемся обсудить проект этого дома.

5. Когда вы собираетесь ответить на это письмо?

6. Мы собираемся решить этот вопрос на следующей неделе и написать ответ через неделю.

7. Наш главный инженер собирается посетить их учреждение.

8. Они собираются пойти в театр или в кино завтра?

9. Завтра мы собираемся навестить Ивановых.

10. Мери и Джон собираются поехать к друзьям сегодня вечером?

V. Выполните грамматический тест № 2, повторив времена английского глагола (Simple, Continuous, Perfect):

1. After I (to write) all my letters, I went to the kitchen to make coffee.

a) wrote b) had written c) was writing

2. While my son (to wait) my call, somebody knocked at the door.

a) was waiting b) waits c) waited

3. We (not \ have) a holiday last year.

a) didn’t have b) haven’t had c) hadn’t have

4. The phone is ringing. I (to answer).

a) will be answering b) am going to answer c) will answer

5. Dad (usually \ to work) on Saturdays.

a) is usually working b) usually works c) usually work

Reading

on both sides – на обеих сторонах	to be famous for – быть знаменитым
to divide [di׳vаid] – разделять	to attract tourists – привлекать туристов
bank – берег реки	collection of works – собрание работ
north – север	tower – башня
south – юг	opposite [׳opәzit] – напротив
east – восток	to choose (chose, chosen) – выбирать
west – запад	to differ – различаться
stream – поток	not far from – не далеко от
expensive – дорогой	to house – вмещать, содержать
citizen – гражданин	railway station – ж/д вокзал
royal residence – королевская резиденция	independence – независимость

Text 1

London

London, the capital of Great Britain, is a big city. It covers more than 600 square miles. London is a political, economic and commercial centre. It is a great industrial and cultural centre. Today London is one of the biggest cities in the world, and the biggest seaport in Europe. London is very old city. It is more than twenty centuries old. Its population is about ten million people. London lies on both sides of the river Thames. The Thames is a very beautiful and wide river. The river Thames divides London into two parts: the North Bank and the South Bank.

London stretches for nearly thirty miles from north to south and for nearly thirty miles from east to west. The street traffic of London is very heavy. There is a constant stream of cars, taxis and buses. In some parts of London there are trolley-busses and trams as well. The important parts of London are the City, the West End, the East End, and the Westminster.

The City is a commercial part of the capital. There are the most of London banks, offices and firms there. Very few people live there. In the centre of the City there is the Tower of London¹ and St. Paul‘s Cathedral². The Tower has a very long history. It used to be a fortress, a royal residence, then a prison, and now it is a museum.

The West End is the richest and the most beautiful part of London. There are fine mansions³, the best theatres, cinemas, museums, big shops and expensive clubs there. Its streets and parks are the finest in the capital. Another interesting sight in the West End is Hyde Park. It is the largest of London parks and is famous for its Speaker‘s Corner⁴ which attracts a lot of tourists. The busiest streets in the West End of London are Oxford Street and Regent Street. Trafalgar Square⁵ is the geographical centre of London. In the middle of it is the famous Nelson Column, which was built in memory of Admiral Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar. There is the National Gallery with its wonderful collection of works from the British, French, Dutch, Italian and Spanish schools here. There is the famous Downing Street and house № 10 here. It is the residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain.

The East End is the poorest part. There are many factories, workshops, and docks there. Most of workers live in this part of London.

Westminster is the most important part of London. Here you see the Houses of Parliament. It is a beautiful building with two towers: the Clock Tower with Big Ben and the Victoria Tower with the national flag over it. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey⁶. Many English kings and queens were crowned and are buried there.

Notes:

1. the Tower of London – Лондонский Тауэр (башня)

2. St. Paul’s Cathedral – собор святого Павла

3. mansion – особняк

4. Speaker‘s Corner – уголок оратора

5. Trafalgar Square –Трафальгарская площадь

6. Westminster Abbey – Вестминстерское Аббатство

Answer the following questions:

1. How old is London?

2. Where is London situated?

3. What can you see in London streets?

4. What kind of river is the Thames?

5. What is London famous for?

VI. Задайте вопросы по содержанию текста 1 «London» (абзацы 3, 4, 5, 6).

VII. Прочитайте текст «Washington», разбейте его на смысловые части и озаглавьте их.

Text 2

Washington

In the early days the government offices of USA were located first in the one city, then in another. Finally, in 1790, Congress decided that a capital city should be built. On a cold spring morning in 1791, George Washington, the first president of the USA, and six other men took a horseback ride¹ to choose the land on which the capital was to be built. They rode through the wilderness², along the Potomac River till they came to a place that looked good for them. In 1800 government offices were moved into the young city. Since then the nation’s capital called Washington has kept on growing³. Now, the city with beautiful building, fine monuments, and green parks is a magnet that attracts people from all over the world. Here are the centers of the government’s three branches: the Capitol⁴, begun in 1793; the White House, home to every president expert George Washington; and the Supreme Court⁵, completed in 1935. All are open for tourists, as are a number of other public buildings including the Federal Bureau of Investigation⁶.

Washington is not a very large city. There is a law in Washington against buildings higher than the Capitol. So it differs from New York with its sky-scrapers. The Capitol, where the Congress meets, is a very beautiful building with white marble columns⁷. When designed in 1790s, the streets were planned to reach out⁸ in all direction from the Capitol Building – like the spokes of the wheel⁹. The streets were given the names of states. Pennsylvania Avenue runs from the Capitol to the White House. It has been the route of many parades – some sad, some glad. When a new President goes into office, there is always a parade along Pennsylvania Avenue to honour the occasion¹⁰. Not far from the Capitol there is the Library of Congress, one of the two largest libraries in the world (Lenin Library in Moscow may be larger). It holds 5 million books.

The White House, the residence of the president, is the oldest public structure in the capital and one of the most beautiful. Washington is a city of monuments and its most famous pay tribute to Presidents Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln. There is also the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which has become one of the popular city’s monuments since 1982. Washington is a city of museums as well. These include the National Gallery of Art, which houses one of the nation’s finest collections of paintings, sculptures and drawings; the National Archives, where the original copies of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution are displayed; the Philips Collection, the first museum of modern art in the country. Lots of tourists visit the capital of the USA all year round.

Notes:

1. to take a horseback ride – отправиться на лошадях

2. wilderness – дикая местность

3. to keep on growing – продолжать расти

4. the Capitol – Капитолий

5. the Supreme Court – Верховный суд

6. the Federal Bureau of Investigation – Федеральное Бюро Расследования

7. marble columns – мраморные колонны

8. to reach out – простираться

9. the spokes of the wheel – спицы колеса

10. to honour the occasion – в честь данного события

Text 3

Moscow

Moscow is the capital of Russia, its administrative, economic, political and scientific centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world with the population of 10 million people. Its total area is about 900 thousand square kilometres.

The city was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky in 1147 as a fortress¹ on the bank of the wide and deep Moskva river. At first it was a small settlement² with wooden houses surrounded³ by walls to protect people from the enemies. As the time passed Moscow turned into a wealthy city. In the 16^th century, under Ivan the Terrible, Moscow became the capital of the state of Muscovy. Many times Moscow suffered from various invaders⁴ – the Tatars in the 13^th century, the Napoleon's occupation in the 19^th century, two World wars in the 20^th century. The present day Moscow is the seat of the government of the Russian Federation. Government offices and different international organisations are situated here.

Moscow is a major industrial city. Its leading industries are engineering, chemical and light industries. Moscow is an important railway, highway and international airway cross-road. It has 9 railway stations, 5 airports and besides Moscow is a port of five seas. Its two river ports join it to five seas and many foreign countries. Moscovites are proud of its magnificent underground, the most splendid metro in the world. Today Moscow has over a hundred beautiful stations, many of which look like palaces.

Moscow is a great cultural centre where there are lots of cinemas, concert halls, more than forty drama and musical theatres, including the Bolshoi Theatre with its famous world ballet and opera, the Art Theatre, the Maly Theatre, the Vakhtangov Theatre and others. There are a lot of museums: the Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts named after A. Pushkin, the Kuskovo museum, Kolomenskoye, literary museums and art galleries.

Notes:

1. fortress – крепость

2. settlement – поселение

3. surrounded – окруженные

4. suffered from various invaders –

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the role of Moscow in Russia? 2. What is the population of Moscow? 3. What is the total area of Moscow? 4. When was Moscow founded and who was the founder of Moscow? 5. How did Moscow look like in the 12^th century? 6. When did it become the capital? 7. What industries are developed in Moscow? 8. The port of which seas can Moscow be named? 9. Why are Moscovites so proud of their Metro?

Text 4

The Sights of Moscow

The Kremlin is the historical heart of the capital. It is surrounded by a high wall of two and a half kilometres long. The Kremlin walls are joined by 20 towers constructed in the 17^th century. The main and tallest of the Kremlin towers is the Spasskaya Tower, notable for its clock, whose melodious chimes¹ are well known to all citizens of the country. The oldest Tower is the Secret Tower under which there was a secret underground passage to the Moskva River.

During its history the Kremlin went through great ordeals². It was repeatedly subject to foreign invasions and suffered from fires, but Russian people always restored what had been destroyed, made the Kremlin still more magnificent and beautiful.

The Moscow Kremlin is a rich collection of historical monuments of different ages. In the central, Sobornaya Square, the oldest in Moscow, you can see three beautiful cathedrals, built in the 15^th – 17^th centuries: the five-domed Uspenski Cathedral in which the Russian tsars were crowned, the Archangel Cathedral with tombs of the Moscow princes and tsars, the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral noted for the unusual oil paintings done by Andrei Rublev and his pupils. These cathedrals are priceless treasures³ of ancient Russian art, including unique frescoes, icons and marvelous samples of handicrafts⁴.

Among the ancient buildings in the Kremlin you can enjoy the Belfry⁵ of Ivan the Great, built in 1600. Standing next to the bell tower are the Tsar Cannon, a wonder of the 16^th century casting, and the 18^th century Tsar Bell, the biggest bell in the world weighing 200 tons both made by Russian masters.

The largest buildings in the Kremlin are the Great Kremlin Palace and the Palace of Congresses. The Great Kremlin Palace was the tsar's residence, constructed in the middle of the 19^th century. A passage connects the Palace with the Armoury Chamber⁶, the oldest Russian museum and the richest collection of weapons. The Armoury also houses the exhibition of the “Diamond Fund of Russia”, showing such treasures of Russia as giant gold nuggets (самородки), unique articles of gold, silver, precious stones, magnificent jewelry and the famous Monomach hat, the symbol of power of Russian tsars. The Palace of Congresses has 800 rooms and its huge conference hall 6000 seats.

A very beautiful building, Granovitaya Palata built at the end of the I5^th century, is the place where the Moscow tsars held magnificent receptions in honour of foreign ambassadors⁷.

Red Square is the main square of Moscow. In the ancient Slavonic language, "red" was synonymous to “beautiful”. This historical centre of Moscow, was laid out in the I5^th century. It is the place of parades, meetings, festivals and demonstrations. Here one can see the colourful multydomed Pokrovsky (St. Basil) Cathedral, erected by architects Postnic and Banna to commemorate Russia's conquest of the Kasan Kingdom in 1552. In front of it is the first sculptural monument of Moscow, built in a sign of respect for the Russian national heroes-patriots Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky in the struggle against the Polish-Lithuanian invasion of the 17^th century. It was designed by Ivan Martos in 1818. Near the monument you can see Lobnoye Mesto, the tribune of ancient Moscow. The tsar's decrees, edicts (указы) were usually read out there.

The most magnificent tower of the Kremlin, the Spasskaya Tower, looks down on Red Square; it has become the symbol of Moscow. In the middle of the 19^th century the famous Kremlin Chimes were mounted on the tower. The clockwork⁸ occupies three floors of the tower and weighs 25 tons. The Kremlin Chimes can be heard daily over Radio Moscow at 6 a.m. and 12 p.m.

The State Historical Museum in Red Square is a magnificent building. Besides, it is one of the major scientific and educational institutions where we can follow the life of Russian people since ancient times.

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier — a monument to unidentified soldiers who perished during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945 – rises at the foot of the Kremlin in Alexandrovsky Garden.

Notes:

1. chimes – куранты

2. ordeals – суровые испытания

3. priceless treasures – бесценные сокровища

4. marvelous samples of handicrafts – замечательные образцы ручной работы

5. Belfry – колокольня, башня

6. Armoury Chamber – Оружейная палата

7. receptions in honour of foreign ambassadors – приемы в честь иностранных послов

8. clockwork – часовой механизм

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the two main sights of Moscow, that attract attention of all the tourists? 2. What is the Spasskaya Tower famous for? 3. What ordeals did the Kremlin go through during its history? 4. Why does the Moscow Kremlin rank among the most remarkable architectural creations? 5. What cathedrals are situated in Sobornaya Square and what are they noted for? 6. What is the ‘age’ of the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell? 7. When was the Great Kremlin Palace built? 8. What is the Armoury Chamber? 9. What does it house? 10. What famous sights can one see in the Red Square?

IX. Подготовьте обзор-презентацию на тему «Города Европы».

X. Напишите эссе - рассуждение «Какой город я хотел бы посетить».

Используйте связующие выражения для аргументирования своего изложения:

1) Introduction (вступление)

There is no doubt – Без сомнения

A lot of people think that… – Многие люди думают, что

It is often suggested … – Часто предполагают, что

Many people are in favour of idea that... – Многим нравится идея

Many people are convinced that... – Многие убеждены, что

Some people are against… – Некоторые люди против …

2) Main part (основная часть)

I would like to express my point of view – я бы хотел выразить мою точку зрения

As already stated I am in favor of… – как уже сказано, мне нравится …

for a number of reasons… – по ряду причин

There are many things to be said in favour of… – Можно много говорить в защиту

Firstly (secondly) – во-первых (во-вторых)

In addition – в добавление

Besides – кроме того

3) Conclusion (заключение)

In conclusion – В заключении

To sum up – Подводя итог

All in all – В целом

Finally – Наконец

Taking everything into consideration – Приняв все во внимание

LESSON 8

Грамматика: 1. Предлоги (§ 18) 2. Фразовые глаголы (§ 19 ) 3. Многозначность слова (§ 20) Устная тема: English-speaking Countries

Grammar Review

I. Заполните пропуски предлогами in, at, on, to, into, under:

1. We live __ Moscow.

2. I get up __ seven o’clock and leave __ eight.

3. I usually walk __ the institute.

4. There is a picture __ the wall and a green tree __ the picture.

5. He came __ the room and sat down __ the chair __ the table.

6. __ the evening we watch TV or read books.

7. We do not study __ Sunday.

8. They study __ our university.

9. Go __ the blackboard, please.

10. It often snows __ winter.

II. Заполните пропуски предлогами at, to, with, about, for, on:

This morning father spoke __ my brother and me __ going to see our aunt this evening. It is our aunt’s birthday. We wanted to surprise her family. Our mother was going to go __ us. We had to be ready __ seven o’clock. We wanted to be __ our aunt’s house __ seven thirty. We left __ my aunt’s house __ seven __ our mother and father. But the aunt was not __ home. Her children had taken her and the uncle __ the theatre. We laughed: we had a surprise party, but it was on us. We left the presents and went __ a show ourselves.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на предлоги:

above, below

1. It was very cold last January; the temperature was about 20 degrees below zero. But summer was rather hot - about 40 degrees above zero.

2. When I was leaving the house I heard a noise above.

3. The plane was flying about 10 thousand meters above the sea-level.

4. This staircase leads above, to the second floor.

5. He likes to stand on the hill-top and look at the plains below him.

6. I can see everything from above.

over, under

1. People speak English all over the world.

2. - Excuse me, where is the bus stop? - It's over there, round the corner.

3. But under these circumstances it's impossible to fulfill my promise.

4. The plan is under discussion at the present moment. They speak about it over and over again.

5. We were tired, as we were walking for over three hours and we lay down under the tree to rest.

6. He took the dictionary from under my eyes and I didn't notice it.

7. Who is the boy standing over there, at the window? — It's Vadim, my friend, he lives on the floor above, just under the attic, a small room below the roof.

8. Children under 14 are not allowed to see that film. Pay attention to the above-mentioned fact.

IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1. Сейчас холодно. Температура ниже нуля.

2. Где находится магазин? - Вон там, за углом.

3. Они вновь и вновь обсуждают этот вопрос.

4. Где моя сумка? – Она вон там, под столом.

5. Выучи вышеупомянутые слова.

6. По воскресеньям они ходят в бассейн.

7. Он будет ждать тебя в 6 вечера.

8. Я учусь в институте, а мой брат учится в школе.

9. Он часто ходит в университет пешком.

10. Вышеупомянутый мужчина живет этажом ниже.

V. Запомните следующие фразовые глаголы:

1. to be afraid of – бояться чего-либо

2. to be good at – хорошо успевать в

3. to be famous for – быть знаменитым

4. to be fond of – увлекаться чем-либо

5. to be interested in – интересоваться чем-либо

6. to be tired of – устать от

7. to depend on – зависеть от

8. to insist on – настаивать на

9. to laugh at – смеяться над

10. to leave for – уезжать в

11. to listen to – слушать кого-либо

12. to look after – присматривать за кем-либо

13. to look at – смотреть на

14. to look for – искать

15. to look forward to – с нетерпением ожидать

16. to look through – просматривать

17. to point out – указывать

18. to rely on - полагаться на

19. to take care of - заботиться о

20. to try on – примерять что-либо

21. to turn out - оказаться

22. to wait for – ждать кого-либо

VI. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения:

1. Are you good __ foreign languages?

2. He needs somebody to look __ him.

3. Don’t wait __ me. I’ll join you later.

4. I haven’t seen her since she left for New York.

5. I couldn’t find the street I was looking __, so I stopped someone to ask for directions.

6. Don’t listen __ what he says. He doesn’t know what he’s talking about.

7. I look stupid with this haircut. Everybody will laugh __ me.

8. Why are you looking __ me like that?

9. British pubs are famous __ their traditional kind of beer called ‘real ale’.

10. Dad was tired __ hard work in the garden and decided to have a short sleep.

Reading

below – ниже	main source – основной источник
significantly – значительно	raw [ro:] materials – сырье
moist climate [׳klаimәt] – влажный климат	fresh water – пресная вода
average density – средняя плотность	compared with – по сравнению с
representative – представитель	standard of living – уровень жизни
to appoint – назначать	to provide – обеспечивать
because of – из-за	channel – канал
diversity [dаi׳vә:siti]– разнообразие	chamber – палата
warm and dry – теплый и сухой	to rule – править
wool producer – производитель шерсти	to achieve – достигать (успехов)

Text 1

Australia

Australia lies to the south-east of Asia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. It is the world’s smallest continent which is almost completely surrounded by ocean. Its total area is 7,682,300 sq.km. The continent of Australia is divided into four general topographic regions: a low, sandy eastern coastal plain, the eastern highlands, the central plain, and the western plateau. Although Australia has a wide diversity of climatic conditions, the climate of Australia is generally warm and dry, with no extreme cold. It changes from comfortably mild in the south to hot in the central part. The total population in 2013 was about 22 mln people with the average population density of about 2 persons per sq.km. Most Australians are of British or Irish ancestry. More than 99% of the population speaks English. The capital of Australia is Canberra. Australia has a federal parliamentary government. The Australia federation was formed on January 1, 1901, from six former British colonies, which thereupon became states. The Australian constitution combines the traditions of British parliamentary monarchy with important elements of the US federal system. Powers of the federal government are enumerated and limited. The government consists of the British sovereign and the Australian Parliament.

Australia is the world’s largest wool producer and wheat exporter. The main sources of foreign earnings are wool, food and minerals which also provide raw materials for home processing industries.

Text 2

New Zealand

New Zealand is situated in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean on two large islands: the North Island and the South Island. Its total area is 268,112 sq. km. Less than ¼ of the territory of the country lies below the 200 m contour line. The South Island is significantly more mountainous than the North Island. New Zealand has a temperate, moist ocean climate without marked seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall. The total population is 3.3 mln people with an average population density of about 12 persons per sq. km. About 85% of the population is classified as Europeans. English is the universal language. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington.

Like the United Kingdom, New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the British Queen (or the King) whose representative, the governor-general, is appointed for five-year term. The government of New Zealand is democratic and modeled on that of the United Kingdom. The economy of New Zealand has traditionally been based on farming. The last decades have seen a large development in light industries. New Zealand attracts many thousands of tourists to its shores because of the beauty, diversity, and compactness of its natural attractions.

Text 3

Canada

Canada is the second largest country in the world. It occupies the northern part of the continent of North America and a lot of islands. Canada’s motto¹, – From Sea to Sea, is particular appropriate² because the country is washed by three oceans – the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. Its vast area includes some of the largest lakes and countless smaller ones. One third of all fresh water on Earth is in Canada. Canada’s name comes from an Indian word ‘kanata’, which means ‘village’.

The first French settlers used the Indian name for the colony, but the official name was – New France. When the area came under the British rule in 1897, the new country was called the Dominion of Canada, or simply Canada. Canada is a union of ten provinces and two territories. Compared with other large countries, Canada has a small population, only about 30 mln people. The country, however, is one of the world’s most prosperous. Canadians developed its rich natural resources and have achieved a high standard of living. Canada is a constitutional monarchy. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations³ and Queen Elisabeth II is its official head of state. Although the Queen holds this high position, she doesn’t rule. She serves as a symbol of British tradition. Her representative in Canada is the Governor General, whom she appoints (назначает) on the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister. The Governor’s duties are limited to symbolic, mostly ceremonial acts. The real power belongs to the Prime Minister and his Cabinet. The Canadian Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the Senate.

There are two official languages in the country: English and French. All Canadian children have to learn both French and English. “We have two race, two languages, two systems of religious belief, two sets of laws, two system of everything”, said one Canadian journalist.

Canada is rich in oil, coal, natural gas. Canada is famous for its lakes, besides the Great Lakes there are many others, such as Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Winnipeg Lake. The capital of Canada is Ottawa, which is a city of bridges, because the city is surrounded by rivers and channels.

Notes:

1. motto – девиз

2. particular appropriate – особенно подходит

3. the Commonwealth of Nations – Содружество Наций

VII. Подготовьте рассказ об одной из англоязычных стран, пользуясь планом:

1. The name of the country you would like to tell.

2. Its geographical position.

3. The climate of the country.

4. The main rivers, lakes or mountains.

5. The population of the country.

6. The main resources of the country.

7. Its industrial or agricultural development.

8. The capital and the main cities of the country.

LESSON 9

Грамматика: 1. Модальные глаголы can, may, must (§ 21 ) 2. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (§ 22 ) Устная тема: National Traditions and Customs

Grammar Review

I. Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. A lot of kids can work on computers now.

2. She can sing professionally.

3. We could always get tickets to the Bolshoi Theatre when we were students.

4. He could play football very well when he was a teenager.

5. You must learn to forgive (прощать) people.

6. You mustn’t worry about it.

7. He must be Patrick, our new manager.

8. – Must I work on Saturday? – No, you needn‘t.

9. May I have a cup of tea, please? – Certainly, you may.

10. May I take a biscuit, Mother? – No, you may not, my dear. We’ll have dinner first.

II. Выберите соответствующий модальный глагол:

1. Do you live far? (Can, must) we meet here at 7 o’clock? – We certainly (may, can). – I’ll see you later this evening, then.

2. Bill, would you help me? Sure, I’d be glad to help you. What (may, can) I do for you?

3. (Can, may) I take your pen? I’ve broken mine.

4. Do you have a stamp? – No, I’m afraid I don’t. You (may, must) go to the post office for this.

5. Don’t give the vase to the child: he (may, must) break it.

6. I am very much interested in environment problems. I think we (must, may) learn to live in harmony with nature.

7. (May, Must) I shut the door?

8. (May, Can) I come in?

9. Do you think you (may, can) do that?

10. Be careful: you (may, can) spill the milk if you carry it like that.

III. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:

1. I shall be able to go through all the materials today.

2. He won’t be able to join us for dinner because he feels bad today.

3. We had to go back home as there were no tickets at the booking-office.

4. I had to stay in London for another day.

5. He didn’t have to take a taxi to get to the airport.

6. The pupils don’t have to go to school on Sundays.

7. Are little children allowed to play with matches?

8. Why should I always wait for you?

9. I know I ought to help my sister about the house.

10. You should be friendly to people.

IV. Соотнесите английские предложения с русскими:

1) She may come.	a) Ей можно не приходить.
2) She couldn’t come.	b) Ей можно придти.
3) She must come.	c) Ей не следует приходить.
4) She had to come.	d) Она должна придти.
5) She shouldn’t come.	e) Она не могла придти.
6) She’ll be able to come.	f) Она сможет придти.
7) She needn’t come.	g) Ей не разрешают приходить.
8) She isn’t allowed to come.	h) Ей пришлось придти.

Reading

custom [׳kΛstәm] – обычай	to change – менять(ся)
carefully – тщательно, осторожно	sign [sаin] – знак
feature [׳fit∫ә] – черта	two-storey – двухэтажный
courtesy – вежливость	to be tired of – устать от
no matter – не важно	behind – позади
as soon as – как только	self-discipline – самодисциплина
in front of – перед (чем-либо)	to rush – броситься, кинуться
politeness – вежливость	apartment – квартира

British Customs and Traditions

Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. Englishmen are very proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There are many traditions associated with some historical facts, parliamentary, court and state ceremonies, university life, popular holidays, everyday life, etc.

Everyday Life Customs

One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and courtesy of people of all classes. There is little noisy behavior¹, no loud disputing in the streets. Nobody rushes for seats in buses or trains. The remarkable politeness of the English people is known all over the world. They are never tired of saying “Thank you”, “I am sorry”. If you follow anyone who is entering the building or a room, he will hold the door open for you.

The Englishman prefers his own house to an apartment in a block of flats. Traditionally, it is a two-storey house with a lawn² in front of it and a garden behind it. They say: “An Englishman’s home is his castle” and it’s true.

The typically English custom is “lunch at 1 o'clock“. The time from one to two o'clock is a “sacred”³ hour in England. Whatever one is doing, no matter how important it is, as soon as the clock strikes one everybody breaks for lunch. All the shops, offices are closed for an hour. At two o'clock sharp they will open, the punctuality is also one of the English traditions.

Englishmen are famous for their three hobbies: gardening, collecting and animals. As a rule there is a pet in every English home. It can be a dog, a cat, a bird, a hedgehog, even a snake or a monkey.

Some Parliamentary Traditions

The opening of Parliament is the most colourful as well as the most important ceremony of the year. Her Majesty the Queen, attended by a sovereign escourt of the Cavalry drives from Buckingham Palace to the Palace of Westminster.

The sitting of the House of Commons each day is opened by the Procession of the Speaker. Wearing his wig and gown⁴, he is accompanied by the Chaplain (священник), his Secretary and the Sergeant-at-Arms (парламентский пристав), carrying the Mace (булава).

At the end of the House of Lords stands the Throne. In front of it is the Woolsack⁵ where the Lord Chancellor, wearing a wig, court dress and a gown, sits as Speaker of the House of Lords. For hundred of years wool had been known as one of the most important exports of the country.

Royal Ceremonies

Changing the Guard⁶ is the traditional ceremony which has taken place at Buckingham Palace since 1837. The Guards march from Wellington or Chelsea Barracks (казармы) to Buckingham Palace with a band. First the band marches through the gates of the Palace, then the “new” guard marches through the gates. The guardsmen wear traditional uniform: a red coat and a black bearskin (кивер из медвежьей шкуры).

The Ceremony of the Keys at the Tower is another very interesting tradition. Every night at 9.53 p.m. the Chief Warder of the Tower carries out tradition of locking up the Tower. The Chief Warder and his escort of four approach the gates⁷. The sentry⁸ calls out: “Halt! Who comes there?” “The Keys”. “Whose Keys?” “Queen Elisabeth’s Keys”. “Advance, Queen Elisabeth’s Keys. All is well”. The Ceremony of the Keys dates back 700 years.

A number of ravens⁹ have their home at the Tower. There is a superstition (суеверие) that when the ravens fly away, the Tower will fall down and that will be the sign of the downfall of the British Empire. Because of this superstition the wings of the ravens are regularly clipped.

Notes:

1. behavior – поведение

2. lawn – лужайка

3. sacred – священный

4. wig and gown – парик и мантия

5. Woolsack – мешок с шерстью

6. Changing the Guard – смена караула

7. approach the gates – приближаются к воротам

8. sentry – часовой, караул

9. raven – ворон

V. Прочитайте текст и укажите основные отличия в американской и британской культуре:

Text 2

Englishmen and Americans

You can often hear of the Englishman’s “reserve”, how he likes to “keep himself to himself, and how on a long railway journey, with four Englishmen in the carriage, often there won’t be a word spoken during the whole journey. That isn’t the case in America. The Englishman thinks it is a bad manner to ask personal questions. The American doesn’t feel that at all. During a short drive in New York the taxi driver will tell you all about himself, his wife and his family. He will ask where you have come from, what your job is, how you like America and how long you are staying in New York.

The Englishman likes privacy, the American prefers sociability. The Englishman’s house has its little garden with a hedge (забор) all round it to shut him off from his neighbors. The American houses have no hedges separating them from the pavement (тротуар) or from each other. The American in his home doesn’t object (не против) to being seen by everyone — he actually likes it. And in case someone asks him if he doesn’t sometimes like privacy, the American will answer, that if he wants privacy, he goes to bed.

The well-mannered Englishman at table holds his knife in his right hand, his fork in his left, cuts his meat and presses the vegetables on to his fork. The well-mannered American first cuts up all his meat, then places his knife down on the right of his plate, takes his fork in his right hand and with the fork lifts the food to his mouth. He will have his coffee (generally with cream) half-way through his dinner before the pudding. The Englishman drinks his coffee (usually black) after the dinner. And, of course, Americans are coffee-drinkers rather than tea-drinkers.

In Europe there are people who have lived in the same house and have been in the same job for twenty, thirty, forty years and who would hate to change to something new. That’s not the American way of life. They love change, they call it “the spirit of adventure”. They like to move away, to change homes and jobs. They throw away old things, having none of the Englishman’s sentimental love for things because they are old.

Many Americans are greatly impressed with the size; to them “bigger” and “better” is the same thing. The Cathedral in New York is the largest Gothic Cathedral in the world; the finger of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbour is eight feet long and forty people can stand inside its head; the Rockefeller Centre has hanging gardens which are four times the size of the famous hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the Englishman’s “reserve”? 2. How is the American’s love to talkativeness (разговорчивость) described in the text? 3. What impresses you better: the Englishman’s reserve or the American’s talkativeness? 4. How can you prove that the Englishman likes privacy and the American values sociability? 5. What does the American do if he wants privacy? 6. What is the difference in the table manners of the Englishman and the American? 7. When does each of them prefer to have coffee? 8. What does the American understand by the spirit of adventure? 9. What impresses the American most of all?

LESSON 10

Грамматика: 1. Страдательный залог (§ 23) Устная тема: International Business Communication

Grammar Review

I. Прочитайте и переведите предложения в страдательном залоге:

1. I am often asked to help him.

2. A new discovery will be made soon.

3. Tennis is played all year round.

4. He was regularly sent parcels with fruit from his parents’ garden.

5. Three ships were offered to Columbus by the Spanish government.

6. A taxi was sent for.

7. Does he realize that he is being laugh at?

8. Morning mail was being looked through.

9. Our house has been repaired lately.

10. When the fire brigade came, the building had been destroyed by fire.

II. Выберите правильную форму страдательного залога:

1. Этот дом был построен в прошлом году.

a) was being built b) has been built c) was built

2. Сейчас здесь строится новый супермаркет.

a) is being built b) is building c) is built

3. На этой неделе был объяснен новый материал.

a) had been explained b) was explained c) has been explained

4. Новое здание института уже построили, когда я поступил учиться.

a) was built b) has been built c) had been built

5. Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год.

a) are being examined b) is examined c) are examined

6. «Вы были невнимательны, когда объяснялось это правило», - сказал преподаватель.

a) was explained b) had been explained c) was being explained

7. Такие столы делают из дорогого дерева.

a) are being made b) have been made c) are made

8. Этот фильм никогда на показывали по телевизору.

a) has never been shown b) was never shown c) had never been shown

9. Мою квартиру отремонтируют к субботе.

a) will be repaired b) will have been repaired c) is being repaired

10. Вам сообщат об этом завтра.

a) will be informed b) will have been informed c) are informed

III. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в нужную форму страдательного залога:

1. Those books (to return) to the library yesterday.

2. The paintings (to exhibit) till the end of the month.

3. Why your home task (not\do)?

4. This room (to use) only on special vocations.

5. We (to tell) about it already.

6. Dictionaries may not be (to use) at the examination.

7. Usually the experiments (to carry out) every day, but they (not\carry out) yesterday.

8. Thousands of new houses (to build) every year.

9. How much of the earth’s surface (to cover) by water?

10. The room (to clean) at the moment.

IV. Измените предложения, употребив страдательный залог:

Model: The teacher explained the rule to the students. – The rule was explained to the students. The students were explained the rule.

1. A passer-by showed me the way to the metro station.

2. Don’t worry! This babysitter will look after the kids very well.

3. Everybody listened to the lecture attentively.

4. My boss offered me a day-off.

5. The manager gave the secretary a lot of instructions.

6. The father promised the boy a new bike.

7. The teacher pointed out the mistake to me.

8. Now I‘ll dictate some new words to you.

9. The manager explained the office rules to the staff.

10. My Granny read wonderful tales to me in my childhood.

Reading

community – сообщество	local culture – местная культура
to increase – увеличивать(ся)	to determine [di׳tә:min] – определять
to give advice – давать совет	to avoid – избегать
to behave – вести себя	versus – против
to get down to work – приступить к работе	to make an appointment – назначать встречу in addition – в добавление
strict – точный, строгий	in addition – в добавление
to exchange – обменяться	obligation – обязательство
essential – существенный	to agree – соглашаться
successful – успешный	appointed time – назначенное время
to gain advantage – получить преимущество	negotiations [ni׳gou∫iei∫nz] – переговоры

Text 1

When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do

Traveling all over the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other?

The European community began to increase in size, several guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. People understood that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends.

For example, the British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunch time; the Germans like to talk business before dinners; the French like to eat first and talk afterwards.

Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves (рукава) is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy.

The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business behaviour. Seniority is very important. You must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential everyone’s status and position. When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket.

Text 2

Cultural Differences

To be successful in international business and to be a good citizen of the international community one should learn how to respect his own culture and also to develop appreciation, tolerance and respect for other cultures. Representatives of other nations doing business in China or other Asian country gain a real advantage when they show knowledge of local culture and cultural differences.

Status. A person’s position or rank is much more important in Asian countries than in the United States. In Japan, for example, when business people meet, the first thing they do is exchanging business cards. It allows the members of the group to establish¹ their rank or importance. Only after this has been determined they can continue with the tasks assigned to them.

Tone of voice. In China voice is very important. A person lowers his voice when asking a favour or trying to show respect. It should be noted also that the voice only raised in negotiations, or when in a confrontation with an enemy. The voice is often lowered in threatening² situation to show that a confrontation is not desired.

Group versus individual behaviour. Most Americans find their strength in individualism. They judge success on advancement towards individual career and personal goals, and their motivation derives from the ethic of individual effort³ which embodies competitive behaviour⁴, individual responsibility and accountability. By contrast, the cultures of Asia tend to be motivated toward group rather than individual effort. In addition, Asians tend to be disturbed by aggressive behaviour. According to their culture, one does not have the right to venture⁵, to question, to request, proof or make changes.

Chinese “Yes” versus American “Yes”. One of the great difficulties in communication between the American and Asian cultures is their concept of what is polite. The Chinese, as many Asian people, have a great fear of offending⁶ others. Promises and commitments⁷ will have a greater relationship to the desire to be courteous and to please than to the actual fact or the real intent. A Chinese will immediately avoid any kind of behaviour that will offend or cause inconvenience⁸. If an American business person wants to make an appointment with his associate, he will call him, and they will agree on a date and time for the meeting. It is expected that both business persons will be present at the appointed time. All this is understood when an American says “Yes”. In the same situation, saying “Yes” does not mean that a Chinese will meet at the agreed time and place. In this culture, an individual will agree to meet even if he has another obligation at the same time. The reason for this is that in the Asian culture, the desire to please – not to offend or cause inconvenience – is much more important than the fact that the individual cannot meet at the appointed time.

Notes:

1. to establish – устанавливать

2. threatening – угрожающий

3. effort – усилие, попытка

4. embodies competitive behaviour – осуществляют соревновательное поведение

5. to venture – рисковать

6. to offend – обижать

7. promises and commitment – обещания и обязательство

8. to cause inconvenience – причинить неудобство

V. Прочитайте ситуацию и ответьте на вопросы теста:

Facts:

• You are doing practical training in London.

• Your mentor is Phil, a 40-year old Londoner.

• Phil doesn't speak German and has never met people from a German speaking country before.

What would you do in the following situations?

1) Small-talk – you want to break the ice. Which topic would you choose?

a) family b) weather c) politics

2) There is a difference of opinion between you and Phil. How do you tell him that he is not right?

a) You are not right

b) I think this is not true

c) I understand your point of view, but ...

3) Phil accidentally treads on your foot. How do you react?

a) Sorry b) Never mind c) Ouch!

VI. Выберите правильную ответную фразу:

1) Glad to meet you.

a) Thank you very much. с) I’m here.

b) That’s all right. d) Glad to meet you too.

2) Hostess: “Would you like some tea or coffee?”

Guest: “_____”

a) Very well indeed, thanks. c) Here you are.

b) No, thanks. Don’t trouble yourself, please. d) Help yourself.

3) Friend: “_____”

You: “Sure, here it is.”

a) I wonder, if I can have your pen, please?

b) Can I use your pen, please?

c) Want your pen.

d) Is there anybody to lend me a pen?

4) Student: “__________.”

Teacher: “Yes, certainly. So…”

a) Slow down! c) What?

b) Could you repeat that, please? d) Say it again.

5) Student: _____

Teacher: Not really. Why can’t you come?

a) Is it OK if I miss the English lesson tomorrow?

b) I won’t attend the English lesson tomorrow.

c) I am going to miss the English lesson tomorrow.

d) I don’t want to attend the English lesson tomorrow.

6) Waiter: “Are you ready to order?”

Guest: “_____”

a) A meat sandwich, please. c) Hi! How are you?

b) I want a meat sandwich. d) Bring me a meat sandwich.

7) Committee member: “_____”

Dean: “He is not a Bachelor - student, he is studying for a master.”

a) I consider him to be a Bachelor student.

b) We want to know everything about his studies.

c) He is a master student, isn’t he?

d) Isn’t he studying for a master degree?

8) Receptionist: “Hello, how can I help you?”

Guest: “____________.”

a) I’d like to make a reservation, please. c) I want a room.

b) I need to book a room here. d) One room, please.

9) Guest: “I want to speak to the manager!”

Receptionist: “___________.”

a) She is not available at the moment. Can I help you?

b) She is busy now.

c) You can’t do so.

d) You have to wait for some time. Be patient, please!

10) Shop assistant: “Can I help you?”

Customer: “___”

a) No, that’s not necessary.

b) No, it's all right, thanks, I'm just looking.

c) Oh, good. I'm so glad to have met you.

d) Fine.

11) Mate: “Did you pass the exam in physics?”

Paul: “___”

a) I didn't like this subject.

b) Actually we passed all the necessary credits in physics.

c) In fact, I have no idea of what you mean.

d) I did it with honours.

12) Receptionist: “Can I help you?”

Guest: “_____”

a) Would you mind reserving a table in the restaurant for me if you’ve got a moment?

b) You must book a table for me.

c) I need a table.

d) Can you book a table for me in the restaurant this evening?

VII.Прочитайте и запомните разговорные фразы:

That’s all right. – Все в порядке.

That’s true. – Верно.

Of course. Here you are. – Конечно. Вот (возьмите).

Certainly. – Конечно.

Glad you enjoyed it. – Рад, что вам понравилось.

Really? – На самом деле? / Действительно?

I’d rather you didn’t. – Пожалуй, нет (я не хочу, чтобы вы это делали).

Never mind. – Ничего (не важно, не беда).

Don’t worry. – Не беспокойтесь.

That would be nice. – Было бы здорово.

Better luck next time. – Повезет в следующий раз.

That’s a good idea. – Хорошая идея.

Yes, I’d like to. – Да, я бы тоже хотел.

I am sorry to hear that. / Hard luck. – Сожалею (жаль это слышать).

I think so too. / Me too. – Я тоже.

It doesn’t matter. – Не важно.

Glad you liked it. / enjoyed it. – Рад, что вам понравилось.

VIII. В некоторых предложениях реплики употреблены неправильно. Исправьте их, выбрав подходящую реплику из предыдущего упражнения:

1. Sorry, I interrupted you. – You are welcome.

2. How about a drink? – Don’t mention it.

3. Thanks for the loving evening. – That’s all right.

4. Best of luck in your new job. – Thank you very much.

5. I didn’t get the job. – That’s true.

6. Could you have me this file? – Of course. Here you are.

7. Do you mind if I smoke? – No, of course not.

8. I think it is going to rain. – Not at all.

9. Thank you for a delicious meal. – Glad you enjoyed it.

10. How about something to eat? - Yes, of course.

11. You must come round for dinner. – Really?

12. Do you mind if I open the window? – I’d rather you didn’t.

13. My car broke last night. – Certainly.

14. Our team’s lost the match. – Never mind. Better luck next time.

15. Would you like to come to dinner? – Don’t worry.

IX. Прочитайте диалоги (официальное и неофициальное приглашение).

Сравните употребляемую в них лексику и составьте свои диалоги по этим образцам:

Formal Invitation

Bill: Hello, Mr. Jones. This is Bill Stanley speaking.

John: Oh, hello, Mr. Stanley.

Bill: How are you enjoying your stay in our country?

John: I am enjoying it very much, thank you.

Bill: By the way, are you doing anything tomorrow night?

John: Nothing special, as far as I know.

Bill: Well, would you care to join us for dinner?

John: Yes, with pleasure.

Bill: Fine. I’ll come round at about seven and pick you up at your hotel.

John: That would be very nice. Thank you.

Informal Invitation

Bill: Hello, Bill. I’ve been looking all over of you.

John: Oh, hi, John. What’s up?

Bill: Well, Vicky and I are having some people over Friday night. I wonder f Susan and you would like to come

John: It sounds great. What time do you suppose?

Bill: Around seven.

John: Can I bring anything?

Bill: It’s basically a wine and cheese and if you want to bring a bottle – that would bi fine. Oh, dress casually – it won’t be anything fancy. Do you have our address?

John: No, come to think of it, I don’t. Just a minute, I’ll get a pen.

LESSON 11

Грамматика: 1. Модальные глаголы в страдательном залоге (§ 24 ) Устная тема: Professional Activity

Grammar Review

I. Прочитайте и переведите предложения:

1. The tests are to be made next weak.

2. The goods must be shipped in May.

3. I’m afraid, the offer can’t be accepted.

4. The tickets to the theatre must be bought by my sister.

5. The doctor should be sent for.

6. The work must be completed.

7. The letter should be sent.

8. The answer can’t be given.

9. The dinner should be cooked.

10. I think the letter must be received.

II. Составьте возможные предложения и переведите их:

1) He	must	know your sister
	may	be busy
	can’t	be ill

2) He	must	be	sleeping
	may		working hard
	might		watching TV
	can’t		having dinner

3) He	must	have	lost your book
	may		missed the train
	might		bought a car
	can’t		left the country

III. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. He must have sold his piano.

2. He may have sold his piano.

3. He can’t have sold his piano.

4. He should have sold his piano.

5. He shouldn’t have sold his piano.

6. He needn’t have sold his piano.

7. He might have sold his piano.

8. He had to sell his piano.

9. He was to sell his piano.

10. He will be able to sell his piano.

IV. Повторите лексический и грамматический материал семестра и выполните тест:

1. What colour is the shirt? It is so far that I can’t see ____ colour.

a) it’s b) its c) it d) her

2. It was ___ film I had ever seen.

a) good b) the best c) better

3. My course of training for Bachelor Degree __4 years.

a) last b) lasting c) lasts

4. There ___ 7 days in a week.

a) was b) is c) will be d) are

5. Will they able to meet us?

a) No, they will b) No, they won’t c) No, will they

6. Have the children written a letter?

a) Yes, the children b) Yes, they written c) Yes, they have

7. He ____ to smoke 2 months ago.

a) began b) begin c) begun

8. One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and ____ of people of all classes.

a) experience b) courtesy c) agreeable

9. The country is ____ by oceans the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans.

a) washed b) based c) represented

10. There are the best theatres, cinemas, museums, big ___ shops there.

a) poor b) vocational c) expensive

Reading

to apply for a job - to look for a job - искать работу to search a job -	opportunities for training – возможности обучения
employer – работодатель	position – должность
employee [im׳ploii:] – служащий, работник	specific duties – конкретные обязанности
previous job – прежнее место работы	request – просьба
experience – опыт	achievement – достижение
self-evaluation – самооценка	strengths – достоинства
to realize – понять, осознать	weaknesses – недостатки
cover letter – сопроводительное письмо	to gain (get) an interview – получить приглашение на собеседование
applicant – соискатель	to hire – нанимать на работу
salary – зарплата	schedule – расписание
decision – решение	reference – рекомендация

Applying For a Job

The top salespeople are the ones who know the product they are selling. They know the strong and weak points of the product and can tell others about it. Looking for a job means selling yourself. The more you know about yourself, the better job you will be able to get. Your employers would be interesting to know about your education, skills, interests and previous job experience. Your personal information is needed each time you look for a job during your lifetime. If you organize your facts now, you can simply update them as you get more experience. The following steps will help you to gather all necessary information and make the process of job searching more easy: self-evaluation, application letter, resume, job interview.

Step 1. Self-evaluation. The employment process begins with self-analysis, so start with identifying your interests and evaluating your qualifications. It will help you to realize what you like and dislike, what kind of work you really want to do. While answering the questions identify for yourself:

1. What are you looking for: money, prestige, growth potential, other motivations?

2. How important are the salary, environment, and job stability?

3. Do you enjoy working with people, information or things?

4. Is it important to be your own boss?

5. What is your idea of a perfect job, perfect boss, perfect colleague?

Step 2. Application letter is sometimes called ‘a cover letter’ because it is sent with a CV in the same envelop) is aimed at getting a job interview. The objective of an application letter is to get attention. If several applicants have the same qualifications, only those who writing impressive letters will be interviewed.

Sample of Cover Letter

Dear Ms Robinson: With reference to your Ad in today’s Financial World, I would like to be considered for the above-mentioned opening. My recent position is a bookkeeper of finance department. I was hired by this company eight years ago and have profound experience in this field. I appreciate the opportunity to work on my own initiative and to take a certain amount of responsibility. Since my present position offers little prospect for advancement, I would prefer to be employed in an expanding organization such as yours. I am applying for a position of bookkeeper in your company. Please find enclosed my resume where I present myself. I hope to attend an interview at any time convenient to you. I can be contacted at 211-5762 after 6 p.m. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, John Pogodin

Step 3. Resume is a summary of education, work experience and qualification. There are two terms which exist in parallel: CV (Br) and resume (Am). An effective resume must make a good impression. It needs to be well-organized, easy to read and result-oriented.

Writing a Resume:

• Full name \ ФИО

Address

Telephone number

• Employment Objective (цель получения данной должности):

I am seeking a position in area of…

• Summary of skills and qualifications (навыки и умения):

Extensive experience in …

• Education (образование): перечисляйте в хронологическом порядке.

По окончанию учебного заведения вы получили:

- что: степень \ диплом \ свидетельство

- где: школа \ институт

- когда: дата окончания

• Work experience (опыт работы). Перечисляйте в порядке от последнего места работы к первому:

- кем вы работали (должность)

- где (место работы)

- что вы делали?

- когда? Укажите даты начала и окончания работы.

• Special skills \ training (особые навыки, курсы):

Осваивали ли вы какие-либо новые специальности? Есть ли у вас водительские права или другие свидетельства? Если есть, то укажите какие, где и когда вы их получили, срок их действия.

• Special awards (особые заслуги):

Получали ли вы какие-либо грамоты, премии, благодарности? Укажите какие, где и кто вас награждал.

• Language skills (знание иностранных языков):

На каких языках вы читаете, пишите, говорите? Укажите степень владения языком. Вносите эту информации. только в том случае, если достаточно хорошо знаете язык.

• References available upon request (по просьбе работодателя могу предоставить рекомендации.

Добавьте эту фразу, но не указывайте конкретных имен.

Sample of Resume

John R. Pogodin 1 Park Avenue, Ap.32 New York, 11298 Tel.: (312) 489-5671
CAREER OBJECTIVE	A position as a bookkeeper
SUMMURY	8 years experience in all routine work in this field. Perfect knowledge of up-to-date computer software and statistics.
RESPONSIBILITIES	Compiled financial reports, balance sheets and production planning forecasts.
EXPERIENCE 1994 – up to now	SIGMA, Inc. New York, bookkeeper. In charge of account books and statements.
EDUCATION (1988-1993)	Moscow State University. Moscow, Russia, Master (Economics).
1994	Courses in marketing.
REFERENCES	Available upon request

Step 4. Job interview. The job interview has become a science. There is an important point to remember: it is a dialogue and you are an active participant. A typical job interview usually consists of four principal parts:

- introduction;

- main part – discussing of the interviewee’s background and credentials;

- conclusion – answering the interviewee’s questions;

- parting thanking and saying good-bye.

Although you cannot predict the interviewer’s questions, you can draw up a list of common questions:

1. What makes you want to work for this company?

2. Why do you think you would be good at this particular job?

3. What do you think has been your greatest achievements in your career?

4. What are your strengths (weaknesses)?

5. What do you like best \ least at your last job?

6. Where do you see yourself professionally in three years’ time?

Usually you are invited at the end of the interview to ask questions of your own. It is important to have them ready. For example:

1. Does the company plan to expand in the near future?

2. Will there be opportunities for training?

3. What are the specific duties of the job?

4. How many people will I be working with?

5. What is the work schedule?

6. What package does your company offer?

The interviewer will probably tell you about the salary and working hours. Showing too much interest in lunch time, vacations, sick leave or sort working hours may give the impression that you are more interested in time off than the time on. Most experts agree that you should not ask about the salary and benefits unless you are sure the employer is seriously considering of hiring you.

When you leave an interview, thank the interviewer for taking time. Ask when you will be notified of the company’s decision. If you haven’t received an answer after three weeks time, follow up with a letter or telephone call.

V. Напишите свое резюме, используя образец в тексте.

VI. Прочитайте ситуацию и ответьте на вопрос:

Which of them would you give the job to?

These three girls have just been interviewed for a job, but only one will be chosen by the interviewers. During the interview they were asked a lot of questions, and then they were told to type out some business letters. They were also asked to send some messages by fax and use a computer. Here are some notes the interviewers made while answering their questions:

Sheila Simpson. Age 26. Married. Two children. Had two years experience of work as a secretary with Byrd & Co. Ltd. Gave up the job when her second child was born. Doesn’t mind if we make inquiries about her at her former place of work. Is fluent in French and German.

Alice Campbell. Age 28. Divorced. No children. Has a job as shop assistant in a department store, but isn’t satisfied with it for two reasons:

a) finds it unpleasant to deal with some of the customers;

b) lives a long way from the store.

Lucy Davies. Age 19. Unmarried. No working experience. Was taught to type and operate a computer at school. An excellent figure and a lovely face. Could be a fashion model, but prefers a secretarial job as a start for her business career. Doesn’t mind answering personal questions.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Do you think an interview a good way to choose the right worker?

2. Is it always necessary to make inquiries about the applicant?

3. Have you ever interviewed anyone for a job?

4. Have you ever been interviewed for a job?

5. What questions were you asked?

6. If you were a boss would you prefer an experienced worker to a beginner?

7. Do many experienced worker like to share their inexperienced colleagues?

8. Could an inexperienced worker be easier to deal with than an experienced one? What does it depend on?

VIII. Разыграйте следующие эпизоды.

1 Интервью с кандидатами, претендующими на должность в компании.

2. Обсуждение результатов интервью с теми, кто его проводил.

Действующие лица:

менеджеры, их помощники, секретарь, претенденты на должность.

Выражения и вопросы, которые вы можете использовать:

Who’s next?

Do come in! Won’t you sit down? Make yourself comfortable.

Do you mind if we ask you a few questions (give you a typing test, ask you to write a fax, etc.)?

What sort of school (college) did you go to? How well did you do at school (college)? How long did you work in various jobs? Why do you want to change it? What sort of work would you prefer to do?

PART II