- •The Classical Schools of Psychology: Five Great Thinkers and Their Ideas
- •It has been said that psychology has a long past and a short history. This statement
- •Intense light is brighter than a page illuminated with a light of lower intensity. Third,
- •In 1910 Wertheimer published an article setting forth the basic assumptions of
- •In order to identify a fifth classical school of psychology, it is necessary to
- •Fields of Psychology: Of Laboratories and Clinics
- •Match the terms with their definitions
- •Unit 2. Sensation: Studying the Gateways of Experience
- •Hearing: The Sound of Music
- •Taste: “This Is Too Salty”
- •Touch: Of Pain and Pressure
- •Smell: The Nose Knows
- •Kinesthesis: Can You Touch the Tip of Your Nose with Your Eyes Closed?
- •The Sense of Balance:Walking in an Upright Position
- •Unit 3. Perception:Why Do Things Look the Way They Do?
- •The Gestalt Laws: Is Our Perception of the World Due to Inborn Organizing Tendencies?
- •If four ink dots on a piece of paper are arranged in the form of a square,
- •Learned Aspects of Perception: Is the Infant’s World a Buzzing, Blooming Confusion?
- •It may seem to have little or no pattern. However, hearing it two or three times
- •The vase-faces illusion.
- •It’s “far” from it (when it’s overhead). As the Moon orbits our planet, its actual
- •Depth Perception: Living in a Three-dimensional World
- •Is a three-dimensional “ball,” the surface of the retina is not.) Think of the information
- •Vision, then he or she can still perceive depth with the assistance of monocular
- •If a person is standing in front of a tree, and the tree is partly blocked, it is easy to
- •Extrasensory Perception: Is It Real?
- •In the future. Living almost five hundred years ago, the French physician and
- •Classical Conditioning: Responding to Signals
- •Infants are capable of classical conditioning. If a baby’s mouth begins to make
- •In effect, unlearned the conditioned reflex. Extinction should not be confused with
- •Trial-and-Error Learning: Taking a Rocky Road
- •Operant Conditioning: How Behavior Is Shaped by Its Own Consequences
- •Infant does not value cash, but does value milk. A medal, a diploma, and a trophy
- •Consciousness and Learning: What It Means to Have an Insight
- •If Carol begins to act like Dominique, then Carol’s behavior is antisocial.
- •If it is typical, will quickly learn to run the maze with very few errors. Its learning
- •Insight learning is a third kind of learning in which consciousness appears to
- •Vacations, gamble, take unnecessary risks, play, and so forth. Why do we do what
- •It is important to note that from the point of view of psychology as a science, a
- •Biological Drives: The Need for Food and Water
- •If we did not follow the dictates of our biological drives on a fairly regular basis.
- •It can be roughly translated as “an unchanging sameness.”
- •Include how to load a particular kind of gun or the skills involved in tracking a
- •General Drives: Looking for New Experiences
- •Change of stimulation.
- •It is likely that the individual will cross and uncross his or her legs, get up and
- •Acquired Motives: Exploring the Need to Achieve
- •Is likely to keep good records, have important papers neatly filed, dislike clutter in
- •Is likely to be somewhat retiring and conforming when relating to others.
- •Unconscious Motives: Hidden Reasons for Our Behavior
- •Is cooking, she burns food “by accident.” She is an unenthusiastic sex partner.
- •Self-Actualization: Becoming the Person You Were Meant to Be
- •Imagine a pyramid in six layers. The needs ascend from the lower needs at the
- •The Search for Meaning: Looking for the Why of Life
- •In psychology.
- •Theories of Emotion: Explaining the Process
- •Stress and Health:Wear and Tear Takes Its Toll
- •Conflict: Making Difficult Choices
- •Individual from birth to the beginning of adolescence (usually around the age of
- •Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development: From the Oral to the Genital Stage
- •Introduce a concept he employed called libido. Libido is thought of as psychosexual
- •It is repressed to an unconscious level.
- •Integrity versus despair is associated with old age. An older person with the
- •Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: From Magical Thinking to Logical Thinking
- •Investigations into the workings of the child’s mind because of an interest in
- •In the older infant there is even a certain amount of intentional behavior. But
- •It is clear that not all adults outgrow even the first level, the premoral level.
- •Parental Style: Becoming an Effective Parent
- •Is unacceptable. The child is loved for being himself or herself, and affection
- •In either words or actions. The child acquires the impression that the parent
- •Think about how infants learn new skills as their bodies grow. Next to each skill, write the age when children normally learn that skill.
- •Think about the key steps in cognitive and emotional development. Draw a line to match each principle on the left with its example on the right.
- •Think about the different theories of social development. Record the name of the theory that goes with each main idea presented.
- •Contents
Vacations, gamble, take unnecessary risks, play, and so forth. Why do we do what
we do? This is the great question associated with the subject of motivation.
The word motivation is related to words such as motor, motion, and emotion. All of these words imply some form of activity, some kind of movement. And this is one of the principal features of life—a kind of restless movement that appears to arise from sources within the organism. These sources are called motives.
A motive is a state of physiological or psychological arousal that is assumed to
play a causal role in behavior. Physiological arousal refers to such states as hunger
and thirst. Psychological arousal refers to motives such as the need for achievement.
The two factors, physiological and psychological, of course interact. For
example, a biological drive such as sex tends to interact with a psychological
motive such as the need to be loved.
It is important to note that from the point of view of psychology as a science, a
motive is an intervening variable. An intervening variable is a variable used to
explain behavior. It is assumed to reside within the organism and “intervene”
between stimulus and response. An intervening variable can’t be seen or otherwise
directly observed. It is inferred from studying behavior. If we see someone buying a
sandwich in a snack bar, we may infer that the individual is hungry. However, he or
she may in fact be buying the sandwich for a friend. The important point is that when
we act as investigators of the behavior of others, we do not experience their motives.
Biological Drives: The Need for Food and Water
We would not do anything at all if we were not alive. That is why in some sense it
can be argued that the root cause of all behavior can be traced to a group of biological
drives. Biological drives are inborn drives, and their principal feature is that
they impel us to attend to our tissue needs, to maintain ourselves as organisms. The
basic theme associated with biological drives is survival.We would die fairly quickly
If we did not follow the dictates of our biological drives on a fairly regular basis.
The biological drives are familiar. The following are frequently specified:
hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature, oxygen hunger, pain, and sex. Note that if the
word hunger appears without an adjective in front of it, then the word refers to the
hunger for food. Also note how any of the biological drives can act as a motive.
For example, if your temperature level is such that you feel cold, you might be
motivated to put a coat on.
Most of the drives direct us toward a stimulus. We seek food if we are hungry.
We seek water if we are thirsty. Pain is unlike the other drives in this particular
regard. Pain directs us away from a stimulus. It motivates us to escape from the
source of the pain.
Sex also has a unique status among the biological drives. The general theme
of the biological drives, as already noted, is survival. Usually we think of this as
the survival of the individual. However, in the case of sex, survival is generalized
beyond the individual. The long-run purpose of sex is to assure the survival of
the species.
An important physiological process associated with the biological drives is
homeostasis. Homeostasis is a physiological process characterized by a tendency
for biological drives to maintain themselves at optimal levels of arousal. The term
homeostasis was introduced in the 1920s by the physiologist Walter B. Cannon, and