- •The Classical Schools of Psychology: Five Great Thinkers and Their Ideas
- •It has been said that psychology has a long past and a short history. This statement
- •Intense light is brighter than a page illuminated with a light of lower intensity. Third,
- •In 1910 Wertheimer published an article setting forth the basic assumptions of
- •In order to identify a fifth classical school of psychology, it is necessary to
- •Fields of Psychology: Of Laboratories and Clinics
- •Match the terms with their definitions
- •Unit 2. Sensation: Studying the Gateways of Experience
- •Hearing: The Sound of Music
- •Taste: “This Is Too Salty”
- •Touch: Of Pain and Pressure
- •Smell: The Nose Knows
- •Kinesthesis: Can You Touch the Tip of Your Nose with Your Eyes Closed?
- •The Sense of Balance:Walking in an Upright Position
- •Unit 3. Perception:Why Do Things Look the Way They Do?
- •The Gestalt Laws: Is Our Perception of the World Due to Inborn Organizing Tendencies?
- •If four ink dots on a piece of paper are arranged in the form of a square,
- •Learned Aspects of Perception: Is the Infant’s World a Buzzing, Blooming Confusion?
- •It may seem to have little or no pattern. However, hearing it two or three times
- •The vase-faces illusion.
- •It’s “far” from it (when it’s overhead). As the Moon orbits our planet, its actual
- •Depth Perception: Living in a Three-dimensional World
- •Is a three-dimensional “ball,” the surface of the retina is not.) Think of the information
- •Vision, then he or she can still perceive depth with the assistance of monocular
- •If a person is standing in front of a tree, and the tree is partly blocked, it is easy to
- •Extrasensory Perception: Is It Real?
- •In the future. Living almost five hundred years ago, the French physician and
- •Classical Conditioning: Responding to Signals
- •Infants are capable of classical conditioning. If a baby’s mouth begins to make
- •In effect, unlearned the conditioned reflex. Extinction should not be confused with
- •Trial-and-Error Learning: Taking a Rocky Road
- •Operant Conditioning: How Behavior Is Shaped by Its Own Consequences
- •Infant does not value cash, but does value milk. A medal, a diploma, and a trophy
- •Consciousness and Learning: What It Means to Have an Insight
- •If Carol begins to act like Dominique, then Carol’s behavior is antisocial.
- •If it is typical, will quickly learn to run the maze with very few errors. Its learning
- •Insight learning is a third kind of learning in which consciousness appears to
- •Vacations, gamble, take unnecessary risks, play, and so forth. Why do we do what
- •It is important to note that from the point of view of psychology as a science, a
- •Biological Drives: The Need for Food and Water
- •If we did not follow the dictates of our biological drives on a fairly regular basis.
- •It can be roughly translated as “an unchanging sameness.”
- •Include how to load a particular kind of gun or the skills involved in tracking a
- •General Drives: Looking for New Experiences
- •Change of stimulation.
- •It is likely that the individual will cross and uncross his or her legs, get up and
- •Acquired Motives: Exploring the Need to Achieve
- •Is likely to keep good records, have important papers neatly filed, dislike clutter in
- •Is likely to be somewhat retiring and conforming when relating to others.
- •Unconscious Motives: Hidden Reasons for Our Behavior
- •Is cooking, she burns food “by accident.” She is an unenthusiastic sex partner.
- •Self-Actualization: Becoming the Person You Were Meant to Be
- •Imagine a pyramid in six layers. The needs ascend from the lower needs at the
- •The Search for Meaning: Looking for the Why of Life
- •In psychology.
- •Theories of Emotion: Explaining the Process
- •Stress and Health:Wear and Tear Takes Its Toll
- •Conflict: Making Difficult Choices
- •Individual from birth to the beginning of adolescence (usually around the age of
- •Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development: From the Oral to the Genital Stage
- •Introduce a concept he employed called libido. Libido is thought of as psychosexual
- •It is repressed to an unconscious level.
- •Integrity versus despair is associated with old age. An older person with the
- •Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: From Magical Thinking to Logical Thinking
- •Investigations into the workings of the child’s mind because of an interest in
- •In the older infant there is even a certain amount of intentional behavior. But
- •It is clear that not all adults outgrow even the first level, the premoral level.
- •Parental Style: Becoming an Effective Parent
- •Is unacceptable. The child is loved for being himself or herself, and affection
- •In either words or actions. The child acquires the impression that the parent
- •Think about how infants learn new skills as their bodies grow. Next to each skill, write the age when children normally learn that skill.
- •Think about the key steps in cognitive and emotional development. Draw a line to match each principle on the left with its example on the right.
- •Think about the different theories of social development. Record the name of the theory that goes with each main idea presented.
- •Contents
The vase-faces illusion.
Returning to the Moon illusion, why does the Moon appear larger on the
horizon than when it’s overhead? The illusion is a variation of the Ponzo illusion,
an illusion associated with linear perspective. Parallel lines, like those associated
with railroad tracks or the sides of a roadway, appear to converge as they
approach the horizon. At the horizon itself they meet, and this is called the vanishing
point. If in a drawing two objects of the same size are simultaneously placed so that the first object is far from the horizon and the second one is near the horizon, the second object will be perceived as being larger than the first one. This is because, in a drawing, the retinal size of both objects is the same. However, the second object seems to be larger than it is in terms of comparisons we automatically make with other objects near the horizon.
Note that in everyday perception the Ponzo illusion does not occur. This is
because the retinal size of an object near the horizon is smaller than that of an
object closer to you. When the size of an image projected on the retina shrinks
with distance, the apparent size of the object remains the same. This is a perceptual
phenomenon called size constancy. For example, an approaching friend first
seen when twenty feet away and then when closer to you appears to be the same
size. However, in the case of the Moon illusion, the size of the Moon’s image pro-
jected on your retina is about the same size when it is near the horizon and when
It’s “far” from it (when it’s overhead). As the Moon orbits our planet, its actual
distance from the Earth doesn’t change significantly. Consequently, the conditions
of the Ponzo illusion are met.
What we learn from illusions is that the world appears to us the way it does
not only because it actually is the way it is. We also interpret sensory information,
transforming it into a constructed perceptual, or psychological, world. And it is
our perception of the world that determines much of our behavior.
Depth Perception: Living in a Three-dimensional World
One of the fascinating questions of perception is this one:Why do we perceive a
world of rounded shapes, of near and far things, of depth instead of a flat world
with one surface? A second, related question is: How is this accomplished?
A given eye’s retina is basically a surface, not a cube. (Although the eye itself
Is a three-dimensional “ball,” the surface of the retina is not.) Think of the information
on the surface of the retina as having some similarity to an oil painting made on a flat canvas. Note that it is possible to perceive depth in a landscape painting made on a flat canvas.
Depth perception is made possible by various cues, signals or stimuli that provide
an observer with information. Depth perception is made possible by cues arising from binocular vision and monocular vision.
Binocular vision is vision with two eyes. The principal cue for depth perception
associated with binocular vision is retinal disparity. The pupils of the eyes are about three inches apart. This gives the right eye a somewhat different view of a scene than the one obtained with the left eye. Notice that although you sense two images, you only perceive one. (This is another example of the difference between sensation and perception.) This is sometimes called the zipper function of the brain, the capacity of the visual portion of the cortex to integrate two images into a meaningful whole. The whole image, in part because of retinal disparity, appears to be three-dimensional.
Monocular vision is vision with one eye. If a person is deprived of binocular