Introduction

armament (озброєння) – the weapon and military equipment used by an army. This legislation prohibits nuclear armament.

autonomy (автономія) – freedom that a place or organisation has to govern itself. Campaigners want greater autonomy for their region.

combatant (боєць) – someone who fights in a war. In 1949, four Geneva Conventions were signed that laid out the proper conduct of war as well as the proper treatment of combatants, prisoners, civilians, and the sick and injured.

concomitant (супровідна обставина) – something that often or naturally happens with something else. He spoke of war with all its concomitant sufferings.

conduct (поведінка) – the way someone behaves. The Senator’s conduct is being investigated by the Ethnic Committee.

convene (скликати) – to gather together, especially for a formal meeting. The second Hague Conference was convened in 1907 and it produced more rules cover­ing issues of neutrality during conflict.

conventional (звичайний) – based on or in accordance with general agreement, use, or practice; customary. In contrast with conventional wars intra-state wars kill far fewer people and are fought by a relatively small number of lightly armed forces.

death toll (число загиблих) – the total number of people that die in a war, accident etc. As the war continued the death toll rose.

delineate (окреслювати) – to describe something carefully so that people can understand it. The document delineates your rights and your obligations.

elimination (ліквідація) – the removal or destruction of something. The prime minister spoke about the importance of elimination of discrimination.

framework (рамки, структура) – a set of ideas, rules or beliefs from which something is developed, or on which decisions are based. The theoretical framework developed here is not meant to provide answers to all the questions.

gang (банда) – a group of young people who spend time together, who are often involved in crime, and who often fight against other groups. The police are trying to solve the problem of gang violence.

greed (жадібність) – a strong desire for more food, money, power, possessions than you need. Often people are motivated by greed.

impermissible (неприпустимий) – something that cannot be allowed. These rules state which wartime actions are impermissible.

just (справедливий) – morally right and fair. They sincerely believed that they were fighting a just war.

justifiable (виправданий, допустимий) – something that is acceptable because it is done for good reasons. Can war be morally justifiable?

maritime (морський) – relating to the sea or ships. The city has lost almost all of its maritime industry.

naval (військово-морський) – related to a part of country’s military forces that fights at sea. The death toll of these naval battles was terrifying.

outlaw (оголошувати поза законом) – completely stop something by making it illegal. The legislation would outlaw several types of weapons.

pattern (модель) – the regular way in which something happens; develops or is done. There are a number of theories that seek to explain patterns of war and peace between states in the international system.

pertain (підходити, бути властивим) – to relate directly to something. By signing onto dozens of treaties dealing with various aspects of war, nation-states have created international laws for their own conduct as it pertains to war.

ponder (обмірковувати) – to spend time thinking seriously and carefully about a problem, a difficult question or something that has happened. He continued to ponder the problem as he studied the materials.

precedent (прецедент) – an action or official decision that can be used to give support to later actions or decisions. Experts called the judge’s ruling an important precedent.

predisposed (схильний) – made susceptible. Are people genetically pre­disposed to engage in war?

rebellion (повстання) – an organized attempt to change the government or leader of a country, using violence. The new order after the collapse of the rebellion brought Iraq, if somewhat reluctantly, into the war on the Allied side.

reprehensible (негожий, непорядний) – something that is very bad and deserves criticism. We find their behaviour morally reprehensible.

repress (пригнічувати, репресувати) – to control a group of people by force. The government was widely criticised for its role in repressing ethnic minorities.

resort (вдаватися) – to do something bad, extreme or difficult because you cannot think of any other way to deal with a problem. Officials fear that extremists may resort to violence.

riot (бунт) – a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about something. The civil rights march was banned because they were proposing to march through areas that would provoke serious riot.

secession (відокремлення) – when a country or state officially stops being a part of another country and becomes independent. They voted in favour of secession.

stark (різкий, абсолютний) – unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid. The extreme poverty of the local people is in stark contrast to the wealth of the tourists.

rebellion

struggle

the activity of keeping the peace by military forces (especially when international military forces enforce a truce between hostile groups or nations);

riot

illegal and non-political acts of violence committed by groups of criminals against innocent people, property, or other criminals;

guerrilla uprising

the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group;

terrorism

strategy of using violence primarily against civilians usually for political gain;

gang violence

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals);

genocide

a war between factions or regions of the same country;

peacekeeping mission

open, armed, and organized resistance to a constituted government;

civil war

war in which the major nations of the world are involved;

world war

a public act of violence by an unruly mob.