Образование:
у правильных глаголов (Regular Verbs):
основная инфинитивная форма без частицы to + окончание -ed.
Например: improved – улучшенный;
у неправильных глаголов (Irregular Verbs):
причастие прошедшего времени = 3 форма неправильного глагола.
Например: taken – взятый. Всем, кто не помнит особые формы глаголов – см. таблицу неправильных глаголов.
Open – opened (открытый);
Teach- taught (изученный/наученный);
Dress – dressed (одетый).
Функции Participle 2 в предложении
1.Как определение употребляется перед существительным. На русский переводится причастием прошедшего времени и описывает совершённое над предметом действие. Или эта часть речи может стоять после существительного и сопровождаться пояснительными словами:
It was an untidily written letter. – Это было неаккуратно написанное письмо.
A parcel sent from Paris will be in London in some days. – Посылка, отправленная сегодня из Парижа, будет в Лондоне через несколько дней.
Примечание: Предлог by помогает обозначить лицо или предмет, который совершил действие, выраженное Participle 2.
A parcel sent from Paris by my brother will be in London in some days. - Посылка, отправленная моим братом сегодня из Парижа, будет в Лондоне через несколько дней.
2. Как обстоятельство может характеризовать время, условия выражения действия, уступки или сравнение действий. Для выражения времени часто используются when и while, условия — until, if, уступки — though, although. Союзы используются не во всех предложениях, поэтому, чтобы определить функцию, необходимо понимать смысл фразы.
When called she refused to come. – Когда ее позвали, она отказалась прийти. (время)
He will speak for hours until interrupted. – Он будет говорить вечность, пока его не перебъют. (условие)
“I have to go home”, he repeated as if hypnotized. – «Я должен идти домой», он повторял, как загипнотизированный. (сравнение)
3. Как именная часть сказуемого:
She looked worried. - Она выглядела обеспокоенной.
Though crushed, she wasn’t broken. - Она не показывала этого, хотя и была подавлена. (уступки)
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия настоящего времени.
1. The girl standing at the window is my sister. 2. Having been sent to the wrong address the letter didn’t rich him. 3. He sat in the arm-chair thinking. 4. She came up to us breathing heavily. 5. The hall was full of laughing people. 6. The singing girl was about fourteen. 7. Having read the book I gave it to Pete. 8. The large building being built in our street is a new school – house. 9. Having finished the experiment the students left the laboratory. 10. Being busy, he postponed his trip. 11. Having been written long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read. 12. Having been built of concrete, the house was always cold in winter.
Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие настоящего времени в активной и пассивной форме.
1. (To impress) by the film, they kept silent. 2. (To lose) the book, the student couldn’t remember the topic. 3. He spent the whole day (to read) a book. 4. (To travel) around America for a month, she returned to England. 5. He watched Mike (to go) out of the door and (to cross) the street. 6. The question (to discuss) now is very important. 7. (To pack) in the beautiful box the flowers looked very lovely. 8. (To descent) the mountains, they heard a man calling for help. 9. (To reject) by everybody he became a monk. 10. (To show) the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way.
Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, употребив Indefinite или Perfect Participle I. Переведите.
1. (To write) out all the words, I started to learn them. 2. (To buy) food, they left supermarket. 3. (to bark) dog doesn’t bite. 4. She entered the room (to smile). 5. (To drink) coffee she was talking to her friend. 6. (To find) the keys, we were able to open the door. 7. (To make) the report, Tom left the room. 8. (To see) her he raised his hat. 9. My task (to finish), I went to bed. 10. While (to learn) the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning.
Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие прошедшего времени.
1. He doesn’t like boiled milk. 2. I remember well his words said at the meeting. 3. We don’t like the book bought last week. 4. The stolen things were returned to the owner. 5. Asked about this event, he replied nothing. 6. The explanation given was not complete. 7. When burnt, coal produces heat. 8. The results received were of great importance for the further work. 9. When reconstructed the theatre looked more beautiful than before. 10. She showed us a list of the newly published books.
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие прошедшего времени. Переведите.
1. The letter (to write) by him was very long. 2. We are interested in the goods (to produce) by this factory. 3. She didn’t understand the word (to say) by him. 4. He didn’t see the things (to keep) in her box. 5. I don’t like the video (to buy) yesterday. 6. This is the house (to build) many years ago. 7. The question (to put) to the professor was important. 8. When (to offer) to work abroad, he refused. 9. The article on agriculture (to publish) in this magazine was written by Smith. 10. You can get the book (to recommend) by our teacher in the library. 11. When (to use) for building purposes, concrete is very important. 12. When (to complete) the new building will accommodate 3000 students.
Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложные дополнения с причастие прошедшего времени.
1. He wants the documents sent by airmail. 2. They want the goods shipped on Monday. 3. I saw the letters received. 4. I must have my shoes cleaned. 5. She wants to have these documents sent off at once. 6. Why have you had the walls of your room painted blue? 7. They showed us a list of the goods sold. 8. I found the key lost. 9. I heard it was said for several times. 10. He wants the work done immediately.
Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное дополнение с причастием настоящего времени.
1. The captain watched the sailors unloading the steamer. 2. I saw the workers packing the goods. 3. We watched them repairing the car. 4. I heard him shouting something from the opposite shore. 5. He watched them going down the mountain. 6. We saw him walking along the bank of the river. 7. The people watched the goods being discharged. 8. I saw the girl reading a book. 9. The children watched the boys playing football. 10. I saw her talking with a woman.
Упражнение 8. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
1. The article translated, the young woman had nothing to do. 2. The door closed, he couldn’t enter the room. 3. The next morning, it being Sunday, they all went to church. 4. The hour being late, Ann went to bed. 5. There being a strong wind, the flight was put off. 6. The keys having been lost, the man couldn’t open the door. 7. Supper being over, they hurried home. 8. You can set your mind at ease, all being well. 9. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist A.S. Popov. 10. Then they heard the noise of the plane, its shadow passing over the open glade.
Упражнение 9. Переведите на английский язык, используя необходимую форму причастия.
1. Не читай, лежа в кровати. 2. Оставленная одна в комнате, маленькая девочка заплакала. 3. Книга, которую сейчас обсуждают – последнее сочинение этого писателя. 4. Вот новые журналы, присланные для вашего офиса. 5. Взяв бумагу и ручку, ребенок начал писать. 6. Играя в теннис, мальчик поранил руку. 7. Это доклад, который обсуждали во время последнего собрания. 8. Пообедав, туристы продолжили свое путешествие. 9. Заплатив за билеты, мы поспешили в зал. 10. Переходя дорогу, будь осторожен.
Упражнение 10. Переведите на английский язык, используя причастие настоящего времени в активной или пассивной форме.
1. Ему нравится статья, которую сейчас обсуждают? 2. Войдя в комнату, он быстро подошел к окну. 3. Девочка, играющая в саду, моя сестра. 4. Здание, которое строят в нашем районе, будет новым бассейном. 5. Мальчик, которого сейчас спрашивают, мой двоюродный брат. 6. Зная английский язык, ты можешь общаться с людьми разных стран. 7. Она сидела на скамейке, читая книгу. 8. Мой дедушка посадил цветы, которые сейчас поливают. 9. Читая статью в английском журнале, я выписал новые слова. 10. Когда ее спросили о цветах, она сказала, что уже убрала их.
The USA
The United States of America is a fourth largest country in the world. It is situated in the central part of the North American continent. The country consists of 3 parts. The continental part is in the center of the North American Continent; the outlying territories are Hawaii and Alaska. The total area of the USA is over 9 million square kilometers. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The USA is separated from Canada in the north by the 49-th parallel and the Great Lakes, and from Mexico in the south by a line following the Rio Grande River and continuing across the highlands to the Pacific Ocean. It also has a sea border with Russia.
The country is washed by three oceans: The Arctic, The Atlantic and The Pacific. The principal rivers of the USA are the Mississippi, the longest river in the world (7,330 km) and the Hudson River. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, The Cordillera, The Sierra Nevada and The Appalachian Mountains. The continental part of the USA consists of the highland regions and two lowland regions. The highland regions represented with the Appalachian mountains in the east and the Cordillera in the west. Between the Cordillera and the Appalachian Mountains are the central lowlands which are called the prairie, and eastern lowlands called the Mississippi valley.
The climate of the USA differs greatly from one part of the country to another. The coldest climate is in the northern part, where there is heavy snow in winter and the temperature may go down up to 40 degrees below zero. The south has a subtropical climate, with temperature of 49 degrees in summer.
The population of the United States of America is about 250 million people, who are called Americans. Nowadays there is a tendency to migration of the rural area population into the cities, that’s why most of the people live in cities and towns, meanwhile the population of the countryside is becoming smaller and smaller.
Historically the USA has been the place where lots of people sought refuge from persecution for political or religious beliefs. That’s why in America there are representatives of practically all racial and national groups. Because of this circumstance this country is called “the melting pot”.
Officially the country comprises 50 states and 1 District Columbia. The states differ in size, population and environment. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac River and its named after the 1-st American president George Washington. There are many large cities in the USA, such as New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Boston, etc.
No doubt that the USA is a highly developed industrial state. Its agriculture is highly mechanized. There is a wide range of mineral resources in the USA, among them one can name the coal-mines in the Cordillera Mountains, in the Kansas City region. Iron is mined near the Great Lakes. The USA has rich oil-fields in California, Texas and some other regions as well. So it occupies one of the first places among the countries of the world for production of coal, iron and oil.
The USA has a highly developed motor-car industry. It would be no exaggeration to say that cars have become the symbol of American way of life. The vehicles produced at such companies as Ford and the General Motors are known world-wide. The motor-car industry is concentrated in and around Detroit. Ship-building is developed along the Atlantic coast and in San Francisco. The textile industry is to be found in the north-east and in the south of the country.
The USA has a highly developed railway system. It also has the best network of roads in the world. They are called highways.
Vocabulary:
North/South/West/East – север/юг/запад/восток
northern/southern/western/eastern – северный/южный/западный/восточный
to consist of – состоять из
an outlying territory – удаленная/далеко расположенная территория
the Great Lakes – Великие озера
Mexico - Мексика
a border - граница
an ocean - океан
The Arctic/The Atlantic/The Pacific ocean - Арктический/Атлантический/Тихий океан
principal - главный
a river - река
the Rocky Mountains/The Cordillera/The Sierra Nevada/The Appalachian Mountains – Скалистые горы/Кордильеры/горы Съерра Невада/ Аппалачские горы
to represent - представлять
a prairie - прерия
a valley - долина
nowadays – на сегодняшний день/сегодня
a rural area/countryside – сельскохозяйственная местность
a population - население
(mean)while – в то время как
to seek (sought, sought ) refuge – искать убежища, спасаться
persecution - преследование
a representative - представитель
circumstance - обстоятельство
“the melting pot” – «плавильный котел» (название американской нации/культуры, созданной на основе различных наций/культур)
to comprise - включать
50 states and 1 District Columbia – 50 штатов и 1 округ Колумбия
environment - окружение
capital - столица
a wide range of smth – широкий диапазон чего-л.
mineral resources – полезные ископаемые
the coal-mines – угольные шахты
iron - железо
oil-fields – месторождения нефти
to occupy - занимать
coal - уголь
motor-car industry – автомобильная промышленность
It would be no exaggeration to say that… - Не будет преувеличением сказать, что…
vehicle – средство передвижения
to be known world-wide – быть известным по всему миру
highly developed – высоко развитый
a railway – железная дорога
a highway – шоссе
The Political System of The USA
The United States of America is a federal republic which is headed by the president and consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Each state has its own government.
The Constitution proclaims a federal system of government which keeps the states and the federal power, from getting too much power. It means that the federal government is given certain power, for example, to make peace or war, to issue money and to regulate the trade and so on. The federal power is located in Washington, D.C.
According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into three branches: legislative, executive and juridical.
The political life of the country has always been dominated by the two major parties: the Democratic party and the Republican party. At an election time they contest presidency and the majority of seats in the Congress. It’s necessary to point out that the legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects two members for the Senate. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives – population.
The executive branch is headed by the President and his Administration (the Vice President and the Cabinet of Ministers). The Vice President assists the President in political affairs. The President enforces federal laws, serves as a commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him. The Vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is chosen in nationwide elections every 4 years together with the Vice-President. The President cannot be elected for more than two terms. The Cabinet is made up of Department Secretaries. The most important of them is the Secretary of State, who deals with foreign affairs.
The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal courts have to do with cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states.
Let’s go into the historical details. The Constitution of the USA was signed by the first thirteen representatives of thirteen original American states in 1787 and since that time twenty six Amendments have been added. The first ten Amendments were simply rights or the Bill of rights. According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any rank are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which cannot be violated.
Constitution has been amended twenty six times. The Bill of Rights guarantees individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolished slavery, granted the vote to women and colour people and allowed citizens to vote at the age of 18.
Vocabulary
a federal republic – федеральная республика
to be headed - возглавлять
a president - президент
a government - правительство
the Constitution - конституция
to proclaim – провозглашать, заявлять
federal - федеральный
to issue money – выпускать/печатать деньги
trade - торговля
according to – в соответствии с
branch – здесь в значении «власть»
legislative/executive/juridical branch – законодательная/исполнительная/судебная власть
contest – оспаривать, бороться, сопреничать
the Congress - Конгресс
It’s necessary to point out that… - Необходимо подчеркнуть, что…
to belong to smth- принадлежать к чему-л.
House - палата
the Senate/the House of Representatives – Сенат/Палата Представителей
population - население
the Administration - Министерство
the Vice President –вице-президент
the Cabinet of Ministers – Кабинет министров
affair – дело, вопрос
to enforce (federal laws) – обеспечивать исполнение (федеральных законов)
a commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces – главнокомандующий Вооруженных Сил
a bill – закон/законопроект
overrule – отклонять, считать недействительным
to be elected – быть выбранным
a chairman - председатель
in the event of – в случае
term - срок
to assume - принимать
the Secretary of State – Гос.секретарь
to deal with smth – иметь дело с чем-л.
The Federal (District) Courts/ the Supreme Court – Федеральные Окружные Суды/Верховный Суд
Federal judge – федеральный судья
to be appointed – быть назначенным
involving - включая
а citizen - гражданин
to go into the details - детализировать
to be signed – быть подписанным
a representative - представитель
an Amendment – поправка (к закону/конституции)
simply - просто
the Bill of rights – Билль (закон) о правах (первые 10 поправок в конституции США)
Republic - республика
the officials – власти/чиновники
rights - права
to be violated – быть нарушенным
to be amended – внести поправку
liberty - свобода
freedom of word, religion – свобода слова/религии
to abolish (slavery) – отменить (рабство)
to grant the vote to smb – дать кому-л. право голоса
to allow – разрешить
Higher Education in the USA
The peculiar feature of American higher education is the absence of national administration. It has developed its own pattern by the adaptation of two traditions: the collegiate tradition of England and the university tradition of the continent.
As for the historical development, the first college, Harward, dates back to 1636. In 1865 education was becoming available to all. Some of the best-known private universities are Harvard, Yale and Princeton.
American colleges and universities are either public or private. A public institution is owned by a government. The state colleges or universities charge a fee for tuition or registration.
Approximately 1,900 institutions of higher learning belong to the state or city. About 1,200 are privately controlled, meanwhile nearly 700 of them are controlled by religious groups.
In general, higher education in the USA may be divided into two fields: liberal arts (languages, history, science and philosophy) and professional (agriculture, law, engineering, medicine, etc.).
The system of higher education includes 4 categories of institutions.
-The community college, financed by the local community. Tuition fees are low, that's why about 40 per cent of all American students study there.
-The technical training institution, at which graduates may take courses from six months to three-four years, and learn different technical skills, such as design, business, computer programming, accounting, etc. The best-known are: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Technological Institute in California.
-The four-year college, which is not a part of a university. The graduates receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BS).
- There are also small art colleges, pedagogical colleges, and so on.
Admission to colleges and universities is by selection the results of SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). SAT results are not the only items requested by institutions of higher education. Most schools will ask for a Personal Data Form, a High School Transcript, a Standardized Freshman Application Form, teacher’s recommendations, essays on various topics.
The selection for admission is complex and the final decision is based on many academic and non-academic factors.
By the way, the terms «college» and «university» are often used interchangeably, as «college» refers to all undergraduate education and the four-year undergraduate programme, leading to a bachelor’s degree. Universities are larger than colleges and have graduate schools where students can receive post-graduate education.
Higher educational institutions usually are governed by a board of regents or trustees. The executive head of a college or university is called the president. The colleges or schools which make up a university are headed by deans. The subject groups within a school are headed by a professor who is designated as department head or chair. Other members of the department hold academic ranks, such as instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor. Graduate students who give some part-time service may be designated as fellows or GAs (Graduate Assistants).
During the first two years students follow general courses in the arts or sciences and then choose a major subject. The other subjects are called minors. Credits (with grades) are awarded for the successful completion of each course.
Students are classified as freshmen, sophomors, juniors and seniors. A freshman is a first-year student, a sophomor is a second-year student, a junior is a third year student, a senior is a fourth-year student, students who study four years are known as seniors or undergraduates, those who study five years are called graduates. So, a student working for the Bachelor’s Degree (BA or BS) is called an undergraduate; one working for the Master’s (MA or MS) is called a graduate student or Doctor of Philosophy Degree (PhD) is called a post-graduate student.
The American academic year usually runs from the middle of August to the beginning of May. If one takes summer classes, it is until July. The academic year is divided into 3 terms or 2 semesters. Each college or university has its own curriculum.
A grade point average (GPA) is determined at the end of term to show student’s overall achievement. Grades are usually on a four-point scale, with letters to indicate the levels of achievement. "A” is the highest mark, the letters go through "B”, "C”, "D”, "F”, the last of which denotes a failure.
Vocabulary:
a peculiar feature - особенность
to develop own pattern – разработать собственную схему
to date back - датироваться
available - доступный
either … or … - или…или
approximately - примерно
a field – здесь «сфера», например, деятельности, и т.п.
liberal arts field – сфера гуманитарных наук
professional field – сфера естественных наук, и т.п
law - право
community college – местный колледж (двухгодичный колледж)
tuition fee(s) – плата за обучение
technical training institution – технический ВУЗ
from … to – от…до…
a skill – навык, мастерство
design – здесь «инженерно-конструкторская специальность»
accounting – бухгалтерский учет
an admission – зачисление в университет
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) – экзамен на выявление академических способностей
items – единица (чего-л.)
to request - требовать
a decision - решение
an undergraduate education – неполное высшее образование/средне-спеиально образование
graduate education – оконченное высшее образование
a post-graduate education – послевузовское образование
a regent/trustee – член попечительского совета университета
an executive head – административный руководитель
a dean - декан
a professor - профессор
a chair - кафедра
an instructor – университетский преподаватель низшего ранга
a senior lecturer – старший преподаватель/доцент
an assistant professor – доцент/ассистент-профессор
an associate professor - доцент/адъюнкт-профессор
a GAs (Graduate Assistants) – преподаватель, обучающийся в аспирантуре
a major subject – профилирующий/основной предмет учебной подготовки
a minor subject – неосновной предмет/предмет по выбору
credits (with grades) – зачеты(дифференцированные зачеты)
a freshman - первокурсник
a sophomore - второкурсник
a junior (student) – студент третьего курса
a senior (student)/ a graduate (student) – студент четвертого курса
a Bachelor’s Degree (BA or BS) – ученая степень бакалавра
a Master’s (MA or MS) – ученая степень магистра
a graduate (student) – выпускник ВУЗа
a Doctor of Philosophy Degree (PhD) – ученая степень доктора/кандидата наук
a post-graduate (student) - аспирант
an academic year – академический год
to be divided - разделяться
a term/a semester - семестр
a curriculum - расписание
a grade point average (GPA) is determined… – средний академеческий балл/средняя успеваемость определется…
an overall achievement – полная успеваемость
to denote - обозначать
a failure – неудача
Discussion on the Topic
“The USA: Geographical Position, Political and Educational System”
Give the official name of The USA, as well as the form of the state government, name the quantity of the states, and find its capital on the map.
One person is to go to the blackboard and to ask the others to look at the picture and to describe briefly (кратко опишите) the geographical position of the USA including such aspects as:
three consistent parts;
the total area and borders;
The oceans, mountains, regions and landscapes and large cities and climate.
“The moderator” is to ask the questions about the things concerning (относительно) he’s listening about.
The students telling about the geographical position are to use the phrases (see below) and the introductory phrases (from the table): On the map we can see…/ Here we have… /There is/are…/Have a look at the map, please…/If we look up at the map, we will see…
The moderating student may interrupt (прерывать) and ask, using following phrases: Excuse me, may I ask you a question? (Далее следует вопрос.)/What about…?(Что насчет…)/ You’ve mentioned (Вы говорили о/ отметили (такой-то аспект)…I’d like you to go into details about it please. (Я бы хотел уточнить это.)
What’s your opinion about the historical and nowadays tendencies of the population of the USA?
What can you say about the mineral resources and industry in the USA? Are these two factors connected with each other? (opinion/introductory/conclusion phrases)
What’s the main law and the principal branches of government in the US? (opinion/introductory phrases)
What are the two leading political parties of the USA?
Tell about the constitution and its history. (opinion/introductory/conclusion phrases)
Divide into three rows (ряд), as you seat. Each (каждый) row will take one branch and a task. (opinion/introductory/conclusion phrases)
The branches of power in the USA:
The 1st row: tell with whom you were to discuss a bill. Legislative
-
The Congress
The Senate
The House of Representatives
The 2nd row: tell with whom you worked on some actual inner political affairs and whose bill concerning (относительно) these political affairs did you veto after that. Executive
-
the President and his Administration
the President
the Vice President
the Cabinet of Ministers
Department Secretaries
The 3d row: tell about the cases your judges were involved in. Juridical
-
Federal District Courts
11 Federal Courts
Supreme Court
What are the features and traditions of the US higher education? (opinion/introductory/conclusion phrases)
Tell about the well known higher educational institutions and about their total number. (opinion/introductory)
What are the two fields of higher education in the USA and what categories of higher institutions does the system of higher education in the US include? (opinion/introductory/conclusion phrases)
What are the main principles of admission to the US colleges and universities?
Explain the difference between a US college and university.
Give the names of the students according to (в соответствии с) the year of study and all scientific degrees possible.
Tell about the academic year and the grades in the USA.
If you had a chance to study in a US university, would you do it? Why (opinion/introductory/conclusion phrases):
Introductory phrases |
Интродуктивные (вводные) выражения |
To start with/to begin with… |
Начнем с того, что… |
Let me start saying that… |
Позвольте начать с … |
Well,… |
Итак, …/ Ну,… |
Actually,… |
Вообще-то… |
According to…/Due to… |
В соответствии с…/благодаря… |
In spite of … |
Не смотря на… |
Concerning….I can say that… |
Относительно…я могу сказать, что… |
Let me introduce (myself/such aspect as…/this type of../etc.) |
Разрешите (представиться/представить такой аспект как…/представить этот вид (того-то)… |
Frankly speaking |
Честно говоря,… |
As a matter of fact… |
Фактически… |
Opinion phrases |
Фразы выражения собственного мнения |
I think (that)… |
Я думаю, что… |
I presume/I assume (that)… |
Я полагаю, что… |
I suppose (that)… |
Я предполагаю, что… |
It seems to me that… |
Мне кажется что, что… |
I guess (that)… |
Я думаю, что… (AE) |
No doubt (that)… |
Несомненно, что… |
I’m sure (that)… |
Я уверен, что… |
I’d like to say/mention/underline/point out/declare (that)… |
Я хотел бы сказать/заметить/подчеркнуть/выделить/заявить, (что…) |
In my opinion…/To my mind… |
По моему мнению, …/по-моему, … |
Conclusion phrases |
Выражения для формирования вывода |
So… |
Итак… |
To summon it up.. |
Подводя итог… |
In a word… |
Одним словом… |
As a conclusion, I’d like to say that… |
В качестве вывода я хотел бы сказать, что… |
To cut a long story short… |
Короче говоря… |
That’s all |
|
Connection/Consequence phrases |
Фразы выражения последовательности и связующие конструкции |
(…) as far as … is concerned, (...) |
(…) что касается (того-то), (то…) |
…as well as... |
…(точно также) как и (то-то)… |
firstly |
Во-первых… |
secondly |
Во-вторых… |
besides / apart from |
Кроме того… |
nevertheless |
Тем не менее… |
(al)though |
Хотя… |
Thus… |
Поэтому… |
…either…or…/…neither…nor… |
…или…или…/…ни…ни… |
Well, let me think for a moment… |
Ну, разрешите-ка мне минутку подумать… |
It’s easy/hard to judge about… |
Легко/сложно судить/говорить о… |
On the hand…on the other hand… |
С одной стороны,…с другой стороны,… |
On the whole |
В целом, … |
So to speak |
(…) так сказать… |
the so-called |
(…) так называемый(ая)… |
to be more precise |
Точнее говоря, … |
Holidays (the USA, Great Britain)
It would be quite obvious to say that there are some things which reflect the history and represent the culture and the national identity of some country. To the number of such things belong all the customs, traditions and holidays of a country. A holiday is a day set apart for religious observance or for the commemoration of some event or a prominent person, or for some public occasion. They are divided into the national or bank holidays, when all public institutions and places of business are closed. National holidays are set aside by official government proclamation to celebrate different occasions. Besides, there’re other holidays.
Now I’m on the point of telling you about the holidays and the celebration traditions of them in the USA and Great Britain. There are some nation-wide holidays, and holidays celebrated in each part of the country separately. First of all let’s name the common holidays for the USA and Great Britain. They are Christmas, New Year, St. Valentine’s Day, Halloween.
Let’s stop on some of the US holidays. In the USA Constitution there is no provision for national holidays. Each state has the right to decide which holiday to celebrate. Many states have own holidays. There are a lot of holidays in the USA. Many of them are associated with the history of the nation. The main holidays are Independence Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, New Year’s Day, Easter, and Memorial Day.
Christmas is the most important national religious holiday for Christians. Gift-giving is very common at Christmas. American children look forward to Christmas morning, when they find gifts brought by Santa Claus. Christmas is held on December, 25, to celebrate the birth of Christ. It’s perhaps the most popular holiday in the western countries. The Christmas tree, an evergreen trimmed with lights and other decorations, is derived from the so-called paradise tree, symbolizing Eden.
New Year’s Day is the first day of the year, January, 1 in the Gregorian calendar. In the Middle Ages most European countries used the Julian calendar and observed New Year’s Day on March 25, called Annunciation Day and celebrated as the birth of the Son of God. With the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582, Roman Catholic countries began to celebrate New Year’s Day on January, 1. The New Year’s Eve is a time for merriment. Most Americans spend this night with friends, at home or in restaurants. The custom of visiting friends, relatives and neighbours on New Year’s Day is one of the Old World traditions. A favourite place to see the old year out is New York City’s Time Square.
Saint Valentine’s Day, a holiday honouring lovers, and normal working day, is celebrated on February, 14. There is a custom of sending greeting cards or gifts to express affection. The cards, known as valentines, are often designed with hearts to symbolize love. The holiday probably derives from the ancient Roman feast of Lupercalis (February 15). The festival gradually became associated with the feast day (February 14) of two Roman martyrs, both named St. Valentine, who lived in the 3rd century. St. Valentine has traditionally been regarded as the patron saint of lovers.
At Easter there is a tradition for people to buy new clothes. After church services many people take walks along the streets of their towns, wearing their new Easter hats and suits. This is usually called the «Easter Parade».
Memorial Day comes on May, 30. It is a legal national holiday, observed annually on the last Monday in May in most of the United States. It is dedicated to the memory of those who died for America in different wars. The national flags are put on the graves of soldiers on this day. This holiday, originally called Decoration Day, is traditionally marked by parades, memorial speeches and ceremonies, and the decoration of graves with flowers and flags. Memorial Day was first observed on May 30, 1868, on the order of General John Alexander Logan for the purpose of decorating the graves of the American Civil War dead.
Independence Day is an annual national holiday commemorating the formal adoption by the Continental Congress of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia. Although the signing of the Declaration was not completed until August, the Fourth of July holiday has been accepted as the official anniversary of United States independence and is celebrated in all states and territories of the U.S. It is the biggest national holiday which is traditionally celebrated with parades and patriotic speeches, and organized firing of guns and cannons and displays of fireworks. Family picnics and outings are typical too.
Thanksgiving Day, a national holiday in the U.S., was first celebrated in early colonial times in New England. It comes on the fourth Thursday of November. When the first settlers landed in America, their first year was very hard and 50 of 100 people died. But the Indians taught people how to plant corn and wild vegetables and in autumn they got a large harvest. Thanksgiving Day was their holiday, the day of giving thanks to God. After the first harvest was completed by the Plymouth colonists in 1621, Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln appointed a day of thanksgiving, and since then each president has issued a Thanksgiving Day proclamation, designating the fourth Thursday of November as a holiday. It is a family holiday and Americans try to gather all family at home on this day.
Other important holiday is Labour Day which is observed on the 1st Monday of September to honour the working people.
Every nation and country has its own customs and traditions. If you want to know more about the history of life of different countries you must study their traditions. In Britain traditions play a more important part in the life of the people than in other countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them.
Let’s touch upon some of British traditions. Holidays are especially rich in old traditions and are different in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and England.
One of the most peculiar features of life in England is the preserving of archaic traditions. When one sees the warders at the Tower of London with their funny flat hats, their trousers bound at the knee, and the royal monogram on their breast, one feels carried back to the age of Queen Elisabeth I. And you should chance to see the Lord Mayor of London riding through the streets with his black robe and gold chain, his medieval carriage, you have a picture of living history. The ceremony of the Changing of the Guard before the Buckingham Palace is of great interest. The Guardsmen in their red coats and bearskin caps march behind the Drum Major and the Band. A number of other ceremonies also take place, such as the Kings or Queen’s receptions and the State Opening of Parliament. Many traditions are connected with London. Every night the traditional ceremony of the keys takes place at the famous London Tower. At 9.53 p.m. the Chief Warder, carrying the Bloody Tower, where the present guard is waiting for them «Halt! Who goes there?» — the guards ask. Keys, marches from one Tower to another, locking the gates. The escort follows him. Then they march to the Chief Warder answers: «Queen Elisabeth`s keys». «Advance, Queen Elisabeth`s keys. All`s well. » — they are answered. At 10 sharp the Chief Warder proceeds to the Queen`s house to return the keys from the Tower.
There is another custom, connected with the Guy Fawkes’ Day, namely with the 5-th of November. «Remember, remember the 5th of November» are the words of an old English song. Because in 1605, a man called Guy Fawkes had planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament and to kill king James 1st on that day (the king was to open Parliament). But Guy Fawkes was caught and hanged. And still the British remember Guy Fawkes` Night or Bonfire Night. From early October you can see children with figures (called `guys`) made of sacks and straw and dressed in old clothes. The children say: «Penny for the Guy»- and with the money they collect in this way they buy fireworks. On November 5th the children put their `Guy` on the bonfire, born it, and light their fireworks.
Halloween is celebrated for hundreds of years. The day was originally called All Halloween`s Eve, because it fell on October 31, the eve of all Saint`s Day. The name was later shortened to Halloween. On this day children dress in funny ghostly costumes and knock at the neighbor`s doors. After shouting «Trick or treat» they get gifts of candy or money. But more than 2000 years ago it wasn`t a merry holiday. It was the time when the Lord of Dead gathered the souls of dead and presented them to Druid Heaven on October 31. So people thought that all the evil forces appeared in the darkness on that day. To frighten them people made fires. Englishmen take turnips, potatoes, pumpkins, cut holes in them and place candles inside.
Christmas Day, December, 25, is the most popular family holiday. Traditionally all relatives and friends give each other presents. So, before Christmas all the shops are crowded, everybody is choosing a present. People decorate their houses in the traditional way. Christmas trees are set up in houses, in the streets and churches. They are always decorated with fairy lights, angels and small toys. In addition, little packets with nuts, candies and special biscuits are hung on the tree. Presents are put around the tree and artificial «frost» is scattered over the branches. Besides the Christmas tree, holly and mistletoe are used to decorate the house. On the eve of Christmas children hang their stockings, so that Santa Claus could put presents into them: oranges, sweets, nuts and if the child didn’t behave properly Santa Claus can put there a piece of coal as punishment. Santa Claus got his name from a man known as St. Nicolas, who lived in the fourth century. He gave his wealth to the poor and often to children. Carol singing is an essential part of Christmas. Usually children come around in the evening to the front doors and start singing carols and people who live in these houses give children candies, nuts, pies and so on, to thank them for carol singing. A typical Christmas lunch includes turkey with cranberry sauce and pudding. Every young woman in each household helps to stir the Christmas pudding, if she wishes to be married that year. Usually a coin or two are hidden inside the pudding and part of the fun is to see who finds it.
Christmas is in Scotland is not kept at all, except by clerks in banks; all the shops, factories are working. But six days later, on New Year’s Eve they are closed. People invite their friends to their houses and «sit the Old Year out and the New Year in». When the clock begins to strike twelve, the head of the family goes to the entrance door, opens it wide and holds it until the last stroke. Then he shuts the door. He has let the Old Year out and the New Year in. At the end of the year there are the famous New Year celebrations. In London many people go to Trafalgar Square on New Year`s Eve. There is singing and dancing and at 12 o`clock. People sing the famous song «Auld Lang Syne».
St. Valentine`s Day is celebrated on the 14-th of February. Valentine`s Day is sweethearts` day when people in love express their affections for each other. The message is — «Will you be my Valentine?» Valentines used to be for young lovers, but nowadays grandparents, cousins and friends of any age express their affection through a small gift or a card. In the 7-th century it got the name St. Valentine`s Day. St. Valentine`s had had a long and romantic history. The Romans carried it to England as a pagan festival, combined with the Christian religion, it formed a good tradition.
May, 1st isn`t a public holiday in Britain, but the 1st Monday after it is. There are many May Day Celebrations, especially in the country. People erect a maypole then, a tall pole with ribbons hanging from the top. Young children dance round it, holding the ribbons. Teenage girls sometimes enter for the May Queen competition.
So, these are the most exiting holidays in England and in the USA, I think. As we can see they make the life of people richer and happier, make them feel proud of their country, its history and culture.
Vocabulary
It would be quite obvious to say that… - Будет очевидным сказать, что…/ Очевидно, что…
to reflect - отражать
to represent - представлять
national identity – национальное самосознание
To the number of such things belong(s)… - К числу таких принадлежит …
custom/tradition/holiday – обычай/традиция/праздник
commemoration – празднование годовщины
a prominent person – выдающийся человек
a public occasion – общественное событие
the national/bank holidays – национальные праздники
to celebrate - праздновать
Besides, … - Кроме того, …
Now I’m on the point of telling you about… - Теперь я собираюсь рассказать о…
Independence Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, New Year’s Day, Easter, Memorial Day – День Независимости/Благодарения/Рождество/Новый год
gift-giving – дарить подарки
to look forward to smth – с нетерпением ждать чего-л.
trimmed - украшенный
Annunciation Day - Благовещение
Time Square – Таймс Сквер
Saint Valentine’s Day – День Св. Валентина
affection – любовь, привязанность
although - хотя
speech - речь
gun - ружье
cannon - пушка
outing – вылазка на природу
settler - поселенец
to plant corn and wild vegetables – выращивать кукурузу и дикие овощи
a large harvest – хороший урожай
to proclaim - заявлять
to appoint - назначать
Labour Day – День Труда
to play a more important part – играть более важную роль
to keep smth carefully – заботиться о чем-л./бережно относится к чему-л.
Let’s touch upon some of British traditions. – Поговорим о/остановимся на британских традициях.
the most peculiar features – самые особенные черты
the warders at the Tower of London – (устар.) стражник лондонского Тауэра
to carry back to the age of Queen Elisabeth I – датироваться эпохой королевы Елизаветы первой
the Lord Mayor of London – лорд-мэр
a medieval carriage – средневековая повозка
the ceremony of the Changing of the Guard – церемония смены караула
… the Buckingham Palace is of great interest… – …Букингемский дворец представляется интересным…
the Drum Major and the Band – начальник военного оркестра и оркестр
the Kings or Queen’s receptions and the State Opening of Parliament – королеские приемы и гос.церемония открытия парламента
the traditional ceremony of the keys – традиционная церемония передачи ключей
the Chief Warder – глава стражи
the Bloody Tower – Кровавая башня
«Halt! Who goes there?» - Стой! Кто идет?
locking the gates – закрывать ворота
«Queen Elisabeth`s keys» - Ключи королевы Елизаветы.
«Advance, Queen Elisabeth`s keys. All`s well. » - Проходите, ключи королевы Елизаветы. Все в порядке.
to blow up - взорвать
Bonfire Night – ночь фейерверков
a turnip, potato, pumpkin – турнепс, картофель, тыква
a candle - свеча
a Christmas tree - елка
a church - церковь
fairy lights – елочная гирлянда
nuts, candies and special biscuits – орехи, конфеты и специальное печенье
stockings - чулки
punishment - наказание
Carol singing – Рождественские гимны
a turkey with cranberry sauce and pudding – индейка с клюквенным соусом и пудинг
to strike – бить, ударять (о часах)
Trafalgar Square – Трафальгарская площадь
«Auld Lang Syne» - «Доброе старое время» (песня, которой по традиции заканчивается встреча друзей, собрание, и т.п.)
a sweetheart – возлюбленный(ая)
to express - выражать
through - посредством
a ribbon- ленточка
exiting – восхитительный/изумительный