Data source: Coastal tide gauge records. Credit: CSIRO

Data source: Satellite sea level obseivations. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

t3.16r

Year

Inverse barometer applied and seasonal signals removed.

The future consequences of global change

Global Climate Change: Future Trends⁸

Contraction of snow cover areas, increased thaw in permafrost regions, decrease in sea ice extent	Virtually certain
Increased frequency of hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation	Very likely to occur
Increase in tropical cyclone intensity	Likely to occur
Precipitation increases in high latitudes	Very likely to occur
Precipitation decreases in subtropical land regions	Very likely to occur
Decreased water resources in many semi-arid areas, including western U.S. and Mediterranean basin	High confidence

Likelihood of trend

Phenomena

Definitions of likelihood ranges used to express the assessed probability of occurrence: virtually certain >99%, very likely >90%, likely >66%.

Source: Summary for Policymakers, IPCC Synthesis report, November 2007 http://www.ipcc.ch/

Aviation and environment

1. The Focus on Climate Change

A multi-faceted approach — a basket of mitigation measures from which States can choose to contribute to reaching the global goals:

Green aircraft technologies

Fleet renewal, lighter materials, higher engine performance, aerodynamics improvements, new emissions certification Standards, etc...

Operational measures

Flexible use of airspace, air traffic flow management, dynamic and flexible route management, terminal area design and management, aerodrome design and management, performance based navigation, etc...

Market-based measures

Emission trading, charges, carbon offsetting... under ICAO’s framework, and a future global scheme...

Alternative fuels for aviation

Sustainable drop-in fuels (jatropha, camelina, algae, etc...)

Aviation and environment

Lecture 3

Organoleptic analysis of natural and technogenic

hazards

Structure of the lecture

1.

2.

3­

4­

5-

The most important factors impacted on human

organism

Sensory system of human body Vision System Hearing System Somatosensory system

Psycho­

physiological

г

Physical Chemical Biological

V.

J V.

Temperature,

pressure,

electricity,

radiation,

noise,

Vibration,...

Organic

and

Inorganic

matter

Macro-

and

micro­

organism

s

Stress,

distress,

emotions

V

f 1 receptive through senses V J	1 | ! '	unreceptive through sensory system l J
Sounds,
chemical	Ionizing radiation,
matters, vision	electricity,....
radiation...

• are physiological capacities of organism that provide data for perception.

Five “main” senses: +vision,

+hearing,

+taste,

+smell,

+equilibrioception

(balance )

Senses:

+Somatosensory system:

-tactile analyzer (thermoception+ touch) -proprioception (body position), -nociception (pain )

Receptors are stimulated

Receptor is an organ or cell

able to respond to external or internal

stimulus and transmit a signal

Signals get send to

_the brain

Sensory Nerves

Brain interprets the signal

Brain

1. High Sensitivity to adequate stimulus

2. Sensory adaptation

3. Training ability

4. Complementarity

5. Sensory Thresholds:

❖Absolute threshold is the lowest level at which stimulus can be detected.

❖Differential threshold is the smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different