Predicting earthquakes...

• Laser beams can be used to detect plate movement.

• A seismometer is used to pick up

the vibrations in the Earth's crust.

• Radon gas escapes from cracks in the Earth's crust. Levels of radon gas can be monitored - a sudden increase may suggest an earthquake.

• Growth of atmospheric

temperature

atmospheric temperature anomalies over Japan from 10-12 March 2011.

Возможные зоны распространения волн землетрясения в зоне

ны в стеклах и штукатурке

Вранча по Украине (по аналогии с землетрясениями 1940 и 1977 годов)

иибооиутнмое

землетрясение

Чернигов

ниже 4-х по

12-балльной

Ровен <*ая АЭС

6 баллов (5—5,4) — картины

падают со стен откалываются

шкале)—оиу

Луцк

Ровно

Чернобыльская АЭС

куски штукатурки, летное

Rumania,

Carpathians,

Vrancea

earthquake

zone

орется лшьми

TOfWOO в помещу

НІН Ь+л не РЫуЫ-

еает разрушении

Львов

Тернополь

Ужгород

9—11 баллов (7—7,9

по шкале Рихтера) —

оползни угроза

полного разрушения

здании искривление

ж/Д рельсов огромные

трещины на дорогах

С'хрия

Хиепыялжоя АЭС

X мельни ЦКІНІ

Ив-Франкове*

Черновцы

Бухарес т

Житомир

Винница

КИЕВ

Черкассы

Ю.мо-Улр АЭС,

Су,,повреждение домов

Харьков

Полтава

Луганск

Днепропетровск

Кривой Рог

Николаев

Херсон

Донеї*

• Запорожье

Запорожская АЭС

Одесса

Севастополь

Симферополь

7 баллов (55—59) — большие тре-

1Ш«ы в стенах каменных домов дере­

вянные остаются без повреждений

8 Баллов (6—6,9) — трещины на

склонах, сильное повреждение и

разрушение каменных домов

For practical # 2

Natural hazards (chose 1!) - 5 min

—nature of hazard;

- dangerous factors;

—localization;

—prevention;

—rules of conduct;

Self-study 2.2.

Meteorological & lithospheric hazards n Ukraine [1]

Statistic data: Natural ES in Ukraine http://www.mns.gov.ua/

2.3. Techno-natural hazards

Types of human impact on environment :

• Matter (chemicals, exhausted gases,....)

• Energy (noise, vibration, EMR)

• Biological

Levels of impact

• Global (global warming, ozone holes)

• Regional (acid rains)

• Local

(move and expand the bar at the bottom of the chart to navigate through time)

World Population 10.Ä5 b ] July 01, 2100

H. 7 Billion

G. 6 Billion

1999-10-12

F. 5 Billion

1987-7-11

UN forecast 10 billion after 2062

E. 4 Billion

1974-7-20

D. 3 Billion

1990-1-1

C. 2 Billion

1927-7-1

B. 1 Billion

804-8-1

A. Industrial Revolution

1760-7-1

1550

2000

2050

■5000

■2500

■1500

1000

1500

World Population Density (people/km²)

Effects of human overpopulation

• Resources

• Fresh water

• Food (870 million people were chronically undernourished)

• Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution

The 'holes' of ozone layer

(Stratosphere)

Chapman cycle

• 0₂ + hv 20 + 20₂ 20₃

• 0₃ + hv -> 0₂ + 0

• 0₃ + 0 20₂

Основними речовинами, що руйнують 0₃, < прості речовини (Н₂, атомарний О, СІ, Вг), неорганічні сполуки (НСІ, N0), органічні сполуки (СН₄, фреони, які виділяють атоми СІ і Вг).

Chlorine cycle:

• CFCI3 + hv ^ CFCI₂ + Cl

• Cl + 0₃ ^ CIO + 0₂

• CI0 + 0^CI + 0₂

From September 21-30, 2006 the average a of the ozone hole was the largest ever observed, at 10.6 million square miles (27.5 million square kilometres).

Climate Change

The Greenhouse Effect

Reflected Radiation

Absorbed Radiation

The Earth absorbs radiaton from the sun

Greenhouse gases absorb some outgoing radiation

Greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases emit absorbed radiation. This warms the earth and it's atmosphere

By percentage contribution to the GHE on Earth the four major gases are:

water vapor, 36-70%

carbon dioxide, 9-26%

methane, 4-9%

ozone, 3-7%

Global climate changes

Declining Arctic sea ice

Depiction of Arctic sea ice on Sept. 12, 2013, the day before NASA estimated sea ice extent hit its annual minimum, with a line showing the 30-year average minimum extent in yellow

AVERAGE SEPTEMBER EXTENT

Data source: Satellite observations.

Year

Credit: NS1ÜC

♦ DOWNLOAD DATA

PROXY (INDIRECT) MEASUREMENTS

DIRECT MEASUREMENTS: 2005-PRESENT

Carbon Dioxide Concentration

Data source: Monthly measurements (corrected for average seasonal cycle). Credit: NOAA

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Year

Data source: Reconstruction from ice cores. Credit: ÜQM

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Thousands of Yoars before today (0 = 1950)

Global Surface Temperature

♦ DOWNLOAD DATA

GLOBAL LAND-OCEAN TEMPERATURE INDEX

Year

Data source: NASA's Goddard Institute tor Space Studies (GISSi This trend agrees with other global temperature records provided by the U.S. National Climatic DataCenter. the Japanese Meteorological Agency and the Met Office Hadley Centre / Climatic Research Unit in the U.K. Credit: NASA'GISS

GROUND DATA: 1870-2000 RATE OF CHANGE SATELLITE DATA: 1993-PRESENT RATE OF CHANGE