ГОСТ 12.0.002-80

Physical	Chemical	Biological	/ ^ > Psycho­ physiological
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Temperature,

pressure,

electricity,

radiation,

noise,

Vibration,...

Organic

and

inorganic

matter

Macro- and micro­organisms

Stress,

distress,

emotions,

Types of environment

• Natural (Biosphere): biotic+ abiotic

• Socio-political

• Technogenic

• Occupational Anthropogenic

• Living

• Urbanized

Eduard Suess, geologist

Biosphere

Atmosphere

Pressure (mb)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Hydrosphere

• Saline water -97.5%

69% - ice and snow

• Fresh water -2.5% 30% -fresh groundwater

0.3% - lakes and river systems

Hydrological cycle

Advecton

Condensation

Sublimation

Snow

Rain

Condensation

Advecton

Snow & Glaciers

Melt

Runoff

Evapotranspiration

:ondensatio

Evaporat on

Lake

Stream"

Xgtreamflow

Ocean

Percolation

I

I j ^lnlillrp Ov«lL Fbw

“son

Moisture T "——

Groundwater Flow

Crust 0-100 km thick

Not to scale

6378 km

To scale

Lithosphere

Pedosphere (soil)

Lithosphere {crust and upper­most solid mantle)

Mantle

Noosphere

• Vladimir Vernadsky

• «Biosphere», 1926

• «Some words about the noosphere», 1944

• Teilhard de Chardin,

• «Cosmogenesis», 1922

Succession of phases of development of the Earth

Term «noosphere» (greek 'nous' is 'mind')

'Sustainable' development

• The dimensions of sustainability

'Club of Rome', March 1972 Report "Limits to Growth" Dennis, Donella Meadows

Sustainable development is a development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Global challenges

Sustainable development

and climate change

Global ethics

Clean water

Science and

Population

technology

and resources

Energy

Democratization

Transnational

Long-term

rganized crime

perspectives

Status of women

Global

convergence of IT

Peace and conflict

Rich - poor gap

Capacity to decide

Health issues

Self-study 2.1.

• Learn the main problems of the technogenic and socio-political environment [1]

Literature:

[1] Желібо Є.П., Заверуха Н.М., Зацарний В.В. Безпека життєдіяльності. Навчальний посібник / За ред. Є.П. Желібо. 6-е вид. - К.: Каравела, 2008. -344 с.

Topic 2.2. Natural hazards Topic 2.3. Techno-natural hazards

• Meteorological hazards (atmosphere)

• Topological (above ground)

• Lithospheric (plate tectonics)

IIIINatural disasters kill

approximately

250,000 people every year.

• Tropical Storms

• Hurricanes

• Blizzards

• Cyclones

• Droughts

• Hailstorms

• Heat waves

• and other meteorological disasters

* Ka rst

*Mud flow

* Snow slide

- -

Sinkhole

Sinking

stream

Underground

drainage^

*

Fl

• Volcanic eruptions

• Earthquakes

• Tsunami

Volcanoes and earthquakes

Warning signs	Monitoring techniques
Hundreds of small earthquakes are caused as magma rises up through cracks in the Earth's crust.	Seismometers are used to detect earthquakes.
Temperatures around the volcano rise as activity increases.	Thermal imaging techniques and satellite cameras can be used to detect heat around a volcano.

When a volcano is close to erupting it starts to Gas samples may be taken release gases. The higher the sulfur content of and chemical sensors used to these gases, the closer the volcano is to measure sulfur levels,

erupting.