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Notes to the text

  1. Gravimeter - гравиметр (прибор для определения плотности).

  2. Magnetometer – магнитометр, прибор для измерения характеристик магнитного поля и магнитных свойств материалов. Применяется в геологии, при поиске полезных ископаемых.

  3. Christmas Tree – фонтанная арматура, предназначена для герметизации устья нефтяных и газовых скважин, подвески скважинных трубопроводов, контроля и регулирования работы скважины.

  4. Gaslift - газлифт, устройство для подъёма капельной жидкости за счёт энергии, содержащейся в смешиваемом с ней сжатом газе. Газлифт применяют главным образом для подъёма нефти из буровых скважин, используя при этом газ, выходящий из нефтеносных пластов.

  5. Microbial treatment – микробная обработка

Ex.4 Answer the following questions.

1.How do geologists find oil reservoirs? 2.What geological methods of oil and gas survey can be called “classic”? 3.What instruments do they use in the search for petroleum? 4. How is the oil well created ? 5. Which three stages of oil extraction and recovery are mentioned in the text? 6. What natural mechanisms does reservoir drive come from during the primary stage? 7. By means of what is the supply of external energy created when pressure in the well falls over the years? 8.When is tertiary recovery needed? 9. What do geologists call TEOR? 10.What is the mechanism of microbial treatment?

Ex.5 Complete the sentences using the textTechnologies of oil and gas extracting”.

1.Extracting crude oil normally starts with… 2. A steel pipe is placed in the hole… 3. A collection of valves called a "Christmas Tree"3 is… 4. Beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps… 5. Other secondary recovery techniques… 6. Tertiary recovery begins when… 7. These methods heat the oil… 8. In-situ burning is another technique… 9. Special blends of the microbes are used to treat and break down… .

Ex. 6 Read the following definitions. Use necessary information in short dialogues in pairs.

Gas lift is one of a number of processes used to artificially lift oil or water from wells where there is insufficient reservoir pressure to produce the well. The process involves injecting gas through the tubing-casing annulus. Injected gas aerates the fluid to reduce its density; the formation pressure is then able to lift the oil column and forces the fluid out of the wellbore. Gas may be injected continuously or intermittently, depending on the producing characteristics of the well and the arrangement of the gas-lift equipment.

A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength or direction of the magnetic field, either produced in the laboratory or existing in nature. Magnetometer is an instrument used for measuring magnetic forces, esp. the earth's magnetism

In petroleum and natural gas extraction, a Christmas tree, or "tree", (not "wellhead" as sometimes incorrectly referred to) is an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used for an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well and other types of wells. It was named for its crude resemblance to a decorated tree.

Gravimeter is an instrument for measuring the difference in the force of gravity from one place to another.

Ex.7 Chose the right word in bracket

1.Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil … (wells/reservoirs). 2. Also, secondary wells may be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain… (pressure/ viscosity). 3. Petroleum engineering is … (the discipline/the subject) responsible for evaluating which well locations and recovery mechanisms are appropriate for a reservoir and for estimating recovery rates and oil reserves prior to actual extraction. 4. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist will note its … (presence/ affluence). 5. These methods heat the oil, thus reducing its… (density/viscosity) and making it easier to extract. 6. Steam is … (pumped/injected) into many oil fields where the oil is thicker and heavier than normal crude oil. 7. Microbial treatment is another tertiary recovery… (methodology/method). 8. A Christmas tree is … (an assembly/a number) of valves, spools, and fittings used for different types of wells.

Ex.8 Translate the text using a dictionary.

The amount of oil to be recovered is determined by a number of factors including the permeability of the rocks, the strength of natural drives (the gas present, pressure from adjacent water or gravity), and the viscosity of the oil. When the rocks are "tight" such as shale, oil generally cannot flow through but when they are permeable such as in sandstone, oil flows freely. The flow of oil is often helped by natural pressures surrounding the reservoir rocks including natural gas that may be dissolved in the oil, natural gas present above the oil, water below the oil and the strength of gravity. Oils tend to span a large range of viscosity from liquids as light as gasoline to heavy as tar. The lightest forms tend to result in higher extraction rates.

Ex.9 Translate sentences from Russian into English.

1.Способ эксплуатации скважин, при котором подъем нефти или смеси нефти и газа на поверхность за счет природной энергии, называется фонтанным. 2. Фонтанная арматура различается по конструктивным и прочностным признакам. 3На головке скважины также устанавливается манометр. 4. Компрессорную эксплуатацию скважин можно рассматривать как искусственное продолжение процесса фонтанирования. 5. Производительность нефтяных и газовых скважин зависит от проницаемости продуктивного пласта. 6. Одним из химических способов увеличения проницаемости является кислотная обработка скважин. 7. Эти жидкости бывают двух видов: углеводородная жидкость и водные растворы, иногда используются водонефтяные и нефтекислотные эмульсии. 8. Использование подъемных труб малого диаметра – это один из способов продления фонтанирования малопродуктивных скважин.

Ex. 10 Retell the textTechnologies of oil and gas extracting”.