Exercises
Ex.2. Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Більш переконливо; письмова гарантія; інспекційний орган; акт огляду; економічні відносини; перевірка від першої особи; дотримуватися стандарту; безпосередній інтерес; органи, що встановлюють стандарти; авторитетний орган; впровадження стандартів; Спілка споживачів; значущий; громадське обговорення; лінійка товарів.
Ex.3. Find where in the text it is said about the points given below.
1. сcertification as a form of communication along the supply chain;
2.the procedure of accreditation of certification bodies;
3.the cost of certification;
4.label as a form of communication with the end consumer.
Ex.4. Find the terms in the text which designate the following:
1. a procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product, process or service is in conformity with certain standards;
2. an organization performing the certification;
3. the system of rules, procedures and management for carrying out certification, including the standards against which it is being certified;
4. a symbol indicating that compliance with standards has been verified.
Ex.5. Say if the following statements are true or false:
1. The certification decision is based on the inspection report.
2. Certification bodies are not accredited by a governmental or parastatal institute.
3. One certification body may execute one certification program.
4. The certification body might contract the inspection out to an inspector or inspection body.
5. While the certificate is a form of communication with the end consumer, the label is a form of communication between seller and buyer.
Ex. 6. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the certificate demonstrate?
2. How is certification performed?
3. What is accreditation?
4. What the label must be?
5. What is the procedure of labeling?
Ex.7. Describe the diagram. Comment on the steps of accreditation.
Ex. 8. Explain how the implementation of standards results in a reduction in production costs in the longer term.
Ex. 9. Prove that a label must be meaningful.
Ex. 10. Make up a plan covering the main ideas. Discuss the text according to the plan.
Ex. 11. Discussion points:
Find out and comment on how is labeling done in Ukraine.
Try to define advantages and disadvantages of internal verification. Prove your answer.
Unit 5 What is intellectual property?
Exercise 1. Read and memorize the following words, words combinations and word-groups:
Invention – винахід
foster – сприяти розвитку
сopyright - авторське право
trademark – товарний знак
recognition – визнання
strike a balance – втримуючи баланс
commonplace – (тут) звичайна практика
respectively - відповідно
publicly available – загальнодоступний
industrial design – промисловий дизайн, промислова естетика
appellation – найменування місця походження
ascertainable – такий, що може бути засвідченим
trade secret – комерційна таємниця
Intellectual
property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions;
literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images
used in commerce.
IP is protected by law, for example, by patents, copyright and trademarks, which enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. By striking the right balance between the interests of innovators and the wider public interest, the IP system aims to foster an environment in which creativity and innovation can flourish.
Although many of the legal principles governing intellectual property rights have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the term intellectual property began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world. The British Statute of Anne (1710) and the Statute of Monopolies (1624) are now seen as the origins of copyright and patent law respectively.
Copyright is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings.
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention. Generally speaking, a patent provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others. In exchange for this right, the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available in the published patent document.
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks date back to ancient times when craftsmen used to put their signature or "mark" on their products.
An industrial design constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. A design may consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.
Geographical indications and appellations of origin are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin. Most commonly, a geographical indication includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.
A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information which is not generally known or reasonably ascertainable, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers. In some jurisdictions, such secrets are referred to as "confidential information", but are generally not referred to as "classified information" in the United States, since that refers to government secrets protected by a different set of laws and practices.