Exercises
Ex.2. Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Система вимірювань; вимірювальні технології; гармонізувати вимоги; міжнародна співпраця; контролюються законодавством; первинна мета; світова мережа; державні метрологічні служби; внесок; надійність результатів вимірювань; акредитовані лабораторії.
Ex. 3. Find where in the text it is said about the points given below.
1. World Metrology Day;
2. establishing of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures;
3. measuring instruments are controlled by law;
4. worldwide technical structure of OIML.
Ex.4. Find the terms in the text which designate the following:
1. OIML;
2. BIPM;
3. the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references;
4. the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology.
Ex.5. Say if the following statements are true or false:
1. The signing of the Metre Convention in formalized international cooperation in metrology.
2. OIML develops international Recommendations, the aim of which is to align and harmonize requirements for these types of instruments worldwide.
3. May 20 is World Metrology Day, commemorating the anniversary of the OIML creation.
4. International Bureau of Weights and Measures undertakes scientific work at the highest level on a selected set of physical and chemical quantities.
5. World Metrology Day is an annual event during which more than 80 countries celebrate the impact of measurement on our daily lives.
Ex. 6. Answer the following questions:
1. When is World Metrology Day celebrated and what does it commemorate?
2. What is the aim of the OIML creation?
3. What established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ?
4. What does OIML develop?
5. What grand challenges does metrology tackle in the 21st Century?
Ex. 7. Describe the main milestones of the history of metrology.
Ex. 8. Explain the difference between OIML and BIPM.
Ex. 9. Prove the importance of metrology.
Ex. 10. Make up a plan covering the main ideas. Discuss the text according to the plan.
Ex. 11. Discussion points:
Give examples of ISO standards related to metrology.
Discuss the future of metrology.
Unit 3 Quality assurance
Exercise 1. Read and memorize the following words, words combinations and word-groups:
Quality Assurance – забезпечення якості (продукції)
manufactured products - товари промислового призначення
avoiding – уникання, ухиляння
pre-production – підготовка до серійного виробництва
lot samples – зразки з партії товару
feedback loop – цикл зворотнього зв’язку
assemblies - комплект; агрегат; вузол
confer - надавати; присуджувати
disposable - який може бути використаним; придатний
conformance – відповідність
process outputs – випуск процесу
calibration – калібрування, перевірка
outline – виділяти, окреслювати
Quality
Assurance (QA) is a way of preventing mistakes or defects in
manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering solutions
or services to customers. QA is applied to physical products in
pre-production to verify
if
they meet specifications and requirements, and during manufacturing
production runs by validating lot samples meet specified quality
controls. QA is also applied to software to verify that features and
functionality meet business objectives, and that code is relatively
bug free prior to shipping or releasing new software products and
versions.
QA refers to administrative and procedural activities implemented in a quality system so that requirements and goals for a product, service or activity will be fulfilled. It is the systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, monitoring of processes and an associated feedback loop that confers error prevention. This can be contrasted with quality control, which is focused on process outputs.
Two principles included in QA are: "Fit for purpose", the product should be suitable for the intended purpose; and "Right first time", mistakes should be eliminated. QA includes management of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components, services related to production, and management, production and inspection processes.
Suitable quality is determined by product users, clients or customers, not by society in general. It is not related to cost, and adjectives or descriptors such as "high" and "poor" are not applicable. For example, a low priced product may be viewed as having high quality because it is disposable, where another may be viewed as having poor quality because it is not disposable.
Software quality assurance consists of a means of monitoring the software engineering processes and methods used to ensure quality. The methods by which this is accomplished are many and varied, and may include ensuring conformance to one or more standards, such as ISO 9000 or a model such as CMMI. The CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) model is widely used to implement Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA) in an organization. The CMMI maturity levels can be divided into 5 steps, which a company can achieve by performing specific activities within the organization.
ISO 17025 is an international standard that specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests and or calibrations. There are 15 management requirements and 10 technical requirements. These requirements outline what a laboratory must do to become accredited. Management system refers to the organization's structure for managing its processes or activities that transform inputs of resources into a product or service which meets the organization's objectives, such as satisfying the customer's quality requirements, complying with regulations, or meeting environmental objectives.