- •Unit 1
- •1. Read the text, translate it into Russian. At the dental polyclinic
- •Vocabulary Extension
- •2. Study the following.
- •1. Rooms
- •3. Chairs
- •4. Dental and Medical Specialists
- •3. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •4. Find word-partnerships and translate them into Russian.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the clues:
- •9. Answer the questions to the text.
- •10. Study the following.
- •11. Read and translate the text. Pick out and analyze the ing-forms. Make an abstract of the article using the following phrases:
- •1. Read and translate the text. The dentist
- •3. Pronounce the proper names.
- •8. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.
- •10. Choose the correct form (the ing-form or Participle II).
- •The historic background of dentistry
- •1. Derive the meaning of the following international words.
- •2. Study the following.
- •3. Pick out all the ing-forms and Participles II from the text. State their
- •4. Translate into English using the words from the text. Pay attention to the use of the subordinate clauses.
- •5. Supply the prepositions if necessary.
- •6. Imagine that you are going to make up an aptitude test for a prospective dentist. What items would you include to estimate a person's aptitude. Give your reasons.
- •7. Answer the questions to the text.
- •2. Study the following.
- •1. Derive the meaning of the international words.
- •3. Choose the sentence which describes the gist of the 1st and 2nd paragraphs best of all. Give your reasons.
- •Instruments
- •9. Speak about:
- •2. Give the Russian equivalents of combinations.
- •3. Match the words with their definitions.
- •4. Say what specialist do you have to see if you have one of the following defects or diseases:
- •5. Speak about a patient's complaints and sufferings according to the following plan:
- •7. Describe stomatological sciences matching a word in the 1st column with a
- •10. Translate the sentences into Russian. Find the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose.
- •11. Replace the ing-form by the infinitive constructions.
- •1. Match the word-combinations in the 1st column with the phrases in the 2nd to describe the duties of the staff of a dental polyclinic.
- •2. Match the words and word-combinations in the three columns to say where these actions are performed.
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •4. Answer the questions:
- •6. Read and translate the text. Divide it into paragraphs. Suggest a title for each paragraph. Give your reasons for it.
- •8. Choose the -ing-form or the infinitive.
- •1. Study the following.
- •2. Use the word-combinations given below to speak about:
- •3. Read and translate the text.
- •8. Speak on:
- •9. Describe the dental services using the words given below.
- •10. Speak about:
- •11. Fill in the missing words in the required form:
- •Caries and its treatment
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Give the Russian equivalents of the English words.
- •3. Study the following words.
- •4. Match the words with their definitions.
- •5. Match the opposites.
- •6. Fill in the prepositions.
- •The process of root canal treatment
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Match the words with their definitions.
- •3. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:
- •4. Fill in the prepositions.
- •Find the infinitive constructions in the text, state their functions.
- •Make up a list of verbs and word-combinations denoting the actions carried out by a dentist performing root canal treatment. Say what the aim of each action is.
- •7. Choose the word which suits best.
- •8. Choose the correct tense-form (active or passive).
- •9. Answer the questions to the text:
- •What are the main procedures of root canal treatment? What instruments do these actions involve?
- •Make an abstract of the text about root canal treatment using phrases:
(6)A bibliography of ... references is included/Библиография включает ... наименований.
11. Read and translate the text. Pick out and analyze the ing-forms. Make an abstract of the article using the following phrases:
This article deals with...
It is pointed out that...
It is stressed that...
It should be remembered that...
There is no doubt that...
The following conclusions are drawn.
While several techniques for teeth whitening exist, in the last decade the "at home" method of whitening has become the most widely used. At home teeth whitening is a safe and effective way for a person to bleach their teeth but anyone utilizing this technique needs to realize that the majority of their whitening activities will not be directly supervised by a dental professional. At any specific point in life, the coloration of a person's teeth is influenced by a multitude of factors. The teeth of humans, as a race, display a wide range of shades of white. There is no one specific colour which a person's teeth are supposed to be. Some persons have dark tooth staining because they had a systematic exposure to certain medicines as a child, while their tooth enamel was initially forming. One family of antibiotics, the tetracyclines, is known for causing brown tooth stains. Excessive ingestion of fluoride by young children (such as eating or swallowing tooth paste) can cause a type of tooth staining which is termed "fluorosis". The whitening technique utilizes a plastic tray which has been fabricated so to fit comfortable over a person's teeth. The person places bleaching gel into the tray and the tray is worn for multiple hours a day, for some weeks. During the at home whitening process a person's gums can become irritated by contact with the teeth whitener. Adverse effects associated with the at home teeth bleaching process may develop when it is used inappropriately. Inappropriate usage of the method includes "over use" of the technique and also utilizing the at home bleaching method with appropriate whiteners.
1. Read and translate the text. The dentist
One of the most important members of the health team is the dentist. He is responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the teeth and mouth. He must have a thorough knowledge of the structure, origin, growth, function and diseases of the organs of the mouth, as well as the medical surgical and mechanical treatment of this area. He also must realise the relationship of the mouth to other body 10 areas and must know how general body diseases may be reflected by disorders in the mouth. His work consists of cleaning, filling, extracting and replacing teeth. Until recent times, tooth extraction itself was one of the most crudely done operations of minor surgery; now it is scientifically performed and virtually painless. One of the persons who contributed to the discovery of anaesthesia was a dentist, Horace Wells, who in 1844 attempted a demonstration of the effects' of nitrous oxide or "laughing gas". Intrigued with the possibilities of this gas, he administered some to himself and had a colleague extract one of his teeth. The operation was entirely painless. Consequently, doctor Wells employed nitrous oxide in his dental practice. The development of anaesthesia had its origin in the offices of dentists who searched for a method to ease pain during the tooth extraction.
There have been dentists for as long as there have been physicians. Indeed, one of the worlds' most ancient civilisation, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, left documents which cited some 52 rules for care of the teeth, including treatment of discoloured teeth and for ensuring oral hygiene. The Koran gives instructions in the use of "toothbrush". However, the modern toothbrush was not invented until 1498, when a Chinese dentist developed such a brush for a royal family. Little knowledge of the teeth was gained until recent years. In ancient Greece, infants were drugged during the teething period, and as late as the 18th century, dentists advised to plunge a red hot knife into the gum for toothache. Much of the rudimentary information about the teeth was gathered in the 16th century by Bartholommeo Eustacheo, who studied the teeth, their blood and nerve supplies and the phenomenon of the first and the second dentition.
2. Derive the meaning of the following international words.
dentist operation realise
diagnosis civilization reflect
structure instruction located
function phenomenon
extracting mechanical