Контрольная работа №8 (для экономистов) Adam Smith and His Invisible Hand of Capitalism

Adam Smith, a Scot and a philosopher who lived from 1723 to 1790, is considered the founder of modern economics. In Smith's time, philosophy was an all-encompassing study of human society in addition to an inquiry into the nature and meaning of existence. Deep examination of the world of business affairs led Smith to the conclusion that collectively the individuals in society, each acting in his or her own self-interest, manage to produce and purchase the goods and services that they as a society require. He called the mechanism by which this self-regulation occurs “the invisible hand,” in his groundbreaking book, The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776.

While Smith couldn't prove the existence of this “hand” (it was, after all, invisible) he presented many examples of its working in society. Essentially, the butcher, the baker, and the candlestick maker individually go about their business. Each produces the amount of meat, bread, and candlesticks he judges to be correct. Each buys the amount of meat, bread, and candlesticks that his household needs. And all of this happens without their consulting one another or without all the king's men telling them how much to produce. In other words, it's the free market economy in action.

In making this discovery, Smith founded what is known as classical economics. The key doctrine of classical economics is that a laissez-faire attitude by government toward the marketplace will allow the “invisible hand” to guide everyone in their economic activities, create the greatest good for the greatest number of people, and generate economic growth. Smith also delved into the dynamics of the labor market, wealth accumulation, and productivity growth. His work gave generations of economists plenty to think about and expand upon.

1. Who is Adam Smith?

2. What conclusion made Smith after deep examination of the society?

3. What is “the invisible hand” according to Adam Smith?

4. How does “the invisible hand” work in the society?

5. What is a key doctrine of the classical economics?

Вставьте по смыслу предложенные слова и переведите предложения письменно.

certain uncertain

exact inexact

predictable unpredictable

precise imprecise

1. You have to be very ____ in this job, because a small mistake can make a big difference.

2. Are you ____ that you’ll get there in time?

3. We have done this experiment before. The results are rather ______.

4. Our train leaves at 10 o’clock ______.

Контрольная работа №9 (для экономистов)

Profession of manager

Few people better personify the French technocratic elite that has held France in a tight grip for many decades than Pierre Bilger. Bilger is the Chairman of Alstom, the giant power and railway equipment company formed out of the joint venture between Britain's General Electric Company (GEC) and France's Alcatel-Alsthom, which became a separately quoted company in 1998.

On graduating, Bilger, like many of his ENA colleagues, joined the Finance Ministry, rising quickly up its ranks. In 1982 he switched from government to industry, joining CGE, as Alcatel-Alsthom was then known, although since the company was at that time owned by the French state, the change was more apparent than real.

At Alcatel-Alsthom his big project was overseeing the formation in 1988 of the joint venture with GEC. As soon as the joint venture, GEC-Alsthom, was formed, Bilger was given the task of running it.

After a decade of working for one of the largest Anglo-French joint ventures, Bilger is well attuned to Anglo-Saxon attitudes. He speaks frequently of shareholders and of the need to keep costs down but he still remains very French. His explanations are fluent and polished and his arguments have none of the down-to-earth style you might expect from someone running a British engineering company.

Although Britain and France are neighbours, their business cultures could hardly be further apart. What, I ask, had he found most irritating about the English once he was put in charge of a company full of them? 'What I found most irritating about our British colleagues was their great reluctance to go through what we French would consider a rational process of making a decision,' he answered thoughtfully. 'They insist on going straight to the point, whereas we like to have a systematic agenda. But over time I came to appreciate that this had its virtues as well.'

Like most French establishment figures, Bilger is an ardent Europhile. The company, he believes, is itself an experiment in unity; soon after the British and French parts were put together, German and Spanish units were added. After a brief attempt at using multiple languages inside the company, Bilger soon decided

to impose English as the company language, partly because the English were reluctant to learn any other languages. 'We lost a few French managers because of that, but not many,' he says.

Alstom remains a technological leader and it is led by bright people. Bilger does not mention it, but in France the country's cleverest, best-qualified people can be found running manufacturing companies. In Britain that has not been true for almost a century.

Задание 2. Соответствуют ли данные утверждения содержанию текста? Поставьте знак T , если утверждение верное и знак F, если неверное.

1. British and French business cultures have many things in common,

2. The British tend to take decisions more quickly than the French.

3. The French do not like having long discussions to analyze things in detail.

4. The French feel they are systematic and logical in their approach to business.

5. British business people like to follow a strict agenda at meetings.

6. Alstom is no longer a purely French-British company.

7. In Alstom the French and English languages have equal status.

8 In Britain, manufacturing companies attract the best-qualified and cleverest people.

9. Alstom remains a technological chief.

10. At Alcatel-Alsthom his big project was overseeing the formation in 1996.

Задание 3. Заполните список этапов образования и карьеры Бильжера.

Complete the chart showing the different stages of Bilger's education and career.

First higher education institution a) Institut des Etudes Politiques

Second higher education institution b)

First main employer c)

Second main employer d)

New name of company from 1988 e)

Current name of company f)