Luminescent methods of research of membranes.

These methods are connected with use of fluorescent labels of the fluorescing molecular groups connected with investigated molecules and allowing to observe many processes.

The fluorescent analysis enables to investigate mobility of phospholipids molecules in a membrane, to estimate viscosity of lipid phases of a membrane (so-called microviscosity of membranes). Microviscosity of a membrane can be estimated on changes of spectra of fluorescence, and also on a degree of polarization of fluorescent radiation at illumination of a membrane by the polarized light. Communication of a degree of polarization and microviscosity of a membrane consists that the luminescent radiation is less polarized (arisen in reply to an external irradiation of a membrane), then more mobility of molecules in an investigated site and the less microviscosity there. On the contrary, the above the degree of polarization of luminescent light, is less the mobility and more microviscosity.

Method of ultrachemistry.

This method is applied at research of a chemical compound of cells. It is based on reception of substance from a cell, its separate parts in very small amounts. In the subsequent the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the received substances is spent by special chemical methods

Nuclear magnetic resonance research and electronic paramagnetic resonance research.

The fullest data on a modular condition of lipid double layer give methods of radiospectroscopy electronic paramagnetic resonance and a nuclear magnetic resonance.

The electronic paramagnetic resonance is the phenomenon of sharp increase of absorption of energy of an electromagnetic wave by system of paramagnetic particles (electrons with not compensated backs), placed in an external magnetic field at resonant frequency of a wave. Use of electronic paramagnetic resonance consists in research of spectra of electronic paramagnetic resonance. Dependence of power of absorption of an electromagnetic wave upon size of a magnetic induction of an external field is called spectrum of electronic paramagnetic resonance. The interaction between atoms and molecules of the sample is stronger; the spectra of electronic paramagnetic resonance are wider. If interaction between particles is weaker (mobility of molecules more), then less width of a spectrum of electronic paramagnetic resonance. On width of spectra of electronic paramagnetic resonance it is possible to judge about mobility of molecules of substances.

For electronic paramagnetic resonance research of biomembranes are used backs-probes and backs-labels - molecules or molecular groups with not coupled electrons.

Paramagnetic backs-probes are entered in lipid membrane, spectra of absorption of backs-probes of an electromagnetic wave give the information about properties of lipid environment, about mobility of lipid molecules in a membrane. This method possesses essential lack - entering into biological object of alien molecules-probes can change structure of object. From this lack the method of a nuclear magnetic resonance is free.

The nuclear magnetic resonance is the phenomenon of sharp increase of absorption of energy of an electromagnetic wave system of the atomic nucleuses possessing the magnetic moment, placed in an external magnetic field at resonant frequency of a wave.

As well as in case of electronic paramagnetic resonance, spectra of a nuclear magnetic resonance the more widely, than viscosity and less molecular mobility of investigated object is more. The nuclear magnetic resonance is the phenomenon of sharp increase of absorption of energy of an electromagnetic wave by system of the nuclear kernels possessing the magnetic moment, placed in an external magnetic field at resonant frequency of a wave.

As well as in case of electronic paramagnetic resonance, spectra of a nuclear magnetic resonance the more widely, than more viscosity and less molecular mobility of investigated object.