5. The style of official documents and its substyles.

The main aim is to reach an agreement & to state the conditions joining to parties in an undertaken. These parties may be the state and citizen, a society & it’s members, two or more governments.

Features:

• composition;

• extensive use of special terminology;

• clichés;

• use of abbreviations;

• the w-s are used in their logical dictionary mng;

• there is no rule for contextual mng.

A) Diplomatic doc-s.

Types: agreement; declaration; treats; conventions; memorandum; engagement; amendment.

Parts of diplomatic documents are the following:

●the preamble: – names of parties; – the purpose for which the doc-s were concluded.

●substantive clauses are known as a body.

●the formal or final clauses – it includes the date of the doc-t, the mode of acceptance, opening the doc-s for signature, enter force or duration.

● formal acknowledgement of signature.

● signature by plenipotentiaries.

Diplomatic terminology includes:

• terms proper: to dispatch, negotiator, ambassador.

• w-s are used in the sphere international relationships in some special mng: instrument stands gor doc-s, article -//- part of a treaty, parties -//- sides in a contract, provision -//- statement.

• the use of non-assimilating bor-ng mainly from Latin&French.

• the use of obsolete & archaic w-s.

• the separate sent-es are usually divided by not full stop, but by commas & semicolons.

B) Business doc-s.

Business doc-s are characterized by high level of standardization, i.e. these doc-s are combination of ready-made forms & stereotypic phrases. The body of doc-s should be coined without explanation or written in short direct sent-es to avoid ambiguity and senselessness (foolishness).

C) Legal documents.

Law includes many activities, that’s why whoever composes many doc-s must be absolutely sure that it says exactly what he wants to say & gives no opportunity for misinterpretation. Therefore legal writing is not spontaneous, but copied from books the sentences are usually very long & the whole doc-t may be composed of 1 single sent-es.

Capitalization was chosen as a means of revealing it’s structure.

D) Military doc-s.

Military doc-s may be: ● maps; ●plans; ●estimates. That’s why the common feature is composition.

Features:

• clishes

• terms

• symbols

• abbreviations: ATK- attack, CA – civil administration.

• w-s are used in direct mng

• absence of any emotiveness

• encoded character of the lng

Syntactically the sent-es are short, simple, no exclamatory & negative sent-es.

6. The newspaper style and its peculiarities

Sub-styles: ●Brief-news items; ●Headlines; ●Advertisements.

The aim is to influence the reader on certain matter or issues.

A) Brief-new items.

Aim: to inform readers given on the facts without giving comments. Voc-ry neutral and common literary. Syntactically: the shorter the article is the more complex its syntactical structure. Inf-n is presented according to the following rule: 5-w & h-patterns (it means5 q-ns starting with “W” (What? When? Why? and 1 “H” How?)

Features: ●The use of cliché; ●standard phrases; ●dif-nt SD; ●careful choice of w-s & avoidance of ambiguity.

B) Headlines.

F-ns: ● to catch the reader’s attention; ● to inform.

Structurally headlines are:

• Full declarative sent-s

• Interrogative sent-s

• Rhetorical q-ns

• Nominative sent-s

• Elliptical sent-s (●predicate is omitted; ●subject -//-; ●predicate + subj are omitted)

• Complex sent-s

• Sent-s which are based on SD to produce a strong emotional effect.

• The use of short w-s instead of their long systems. Aim – to safe space + sound more dramatic.

Verb changes. Here we observe:

●Pr. S. is used in the headline instead of Perfect or Cont.

●Past Participle indicates passive construction.

●Inf-ve is used to indicate a future action.

●deletion of articles & personal pronouns.

Ex. Queen to open a hospital The queen is going to (will) open a new hospital.

C) Advertisements

Types:

●classified – inf-n is arranged according to subject-matter into separate section & each section has an appropriate name.

Features:

– Mostly neutral voc-ry with rare usage of emotionally colored w-s.

– Fixed elliptical sent-s without articles & punctuation marks omitted. Feature: brevity.

●non-classified – observe the variety of lng forms & the reader’s or listener’s attention is attracted by every possible means: typographical, graphical & stylistic.

D) Editorial ‑ a newspaper article in which an editor gives the newspaper opinion about current issues. The aim is to influence the reader by giving interpretation of certain facts & prove the reader that it is the only correct one.