Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Marine engineering is a special branch of mechanical engineering. Engineers in this field work at designing, mounting and control of ship power plants of all types (steam and gas turbines, diesel engines, nuclear and electrical power plants). They also design and investigate different types of ship engines and machinery such as ship internal combustion engines, steam generators etc., as well as technological processes of their building, mounting and operation.

Marine engineers work at designing and producing systems of power plant automatics and information measuring complexes. Marine automation is the automatic control of shipboard systems and processes. Automatic control of a ship power plant and engine room equipment has great advantages. It increases safety of a ship power plant, reduces fuel consumption and personnel, and achieves high efficiency of the plant operation.

Упражнение 1. Найдите эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

	special branch		информационно-измерительные комплексы
	mounting and control		оборудование машинного отделения
	to investigate		работа судовой силовой установки
	ship engines and machinery		специальное направление
	information measuring complexes		судовые двигатели и оборудование
	shipboard systems		сокращение персонала
	engine room equipment		установка и управление (контроль)
	great advantages		безопасность
	safety		изучать, исследовать
	reduces personnel		бортовые системы
	high efficiency		большие преимущества
	plant operation		высокая производительность

Unit II

Shipbuilding

Lesson 1

From the History of Shipbuilding in Russia

Слова к тексту:

remains n, pl	—	остатки
rower n	—	гребец
improve v	—	совершенствовать
plank n	—	обшивная доска
increase v	—	повышать, увеличивать
cargo n	—	груз
seaworthiness n	—	мореходность
oar n	—	весло
steering pole	—	рулевое весло
smooth v	—	сглаживать
decker n	—	палубное судно
deck n	—	палуба
shelter n	—	укрытие
arrangement n	—	устройство

Shipbuilding and navigation in Russia began in the far-off times. In many parts of our country some remains of dugout canoes were found which tell us about the earliest boats. For many centuries our forefathers sailed in their boats down the rivers of Dnieper, Bug and Dnestr, and along the coastline of the Black Sea which was often called the “Russian Sea” at that time.

A wooden vessel built in the 12th century was found in Novgorod. There was an open deck in the ship, and a space for rowers between the outer and inner skins. One of the well- known vessels of Kiev Russia time was the “lodya”. She was an improved dugout boat with wooden planks fastened to her sides. The planks increased her cargo-carrying capacity and seaworthiness. Besides, there were many other kinds of river crafts at that time, such as the “strug”, a vessel for carrying goods with a dismountable mast, a square sail, long oars and steering poles, the “skediya”, the “nasad”, a wooden vessel with planks butted to one another so as to smooth the sides of the boat, the “naboynya”, a vessel with planks overlapping one another, etc.

In the 12th century the shipbuilders of Kiev Russia began building the first deckers, i.e. vessels possessing a deck. Those were single-deck vessels. The deck was made to place on goods and warriors, and at the same time the deck served as a shelter for rowers for the vessels were driven by oars. The deck also added much to the strength of the vessel.

It is worth mentioning some other early Russian vessels which were built on the shores of the White Sea. The northern fishermen sailed in their vessels across the White Sea and along the coastline of the Arctic Ocean. It is interesting to note that vessels could travel in winter for they were fitted with two wooden girders attached to their bottom and used as runners. Due to such an arrangement it was possible to drag the vessel out of the water and to move her on the ice.

Notes

dugout adj	—	выдолбленный
butt v	—	соединять встык
for	—	зд. так как
goods n, pl	—	товары
i. e. = that is	—	то есть
overlap v	—	перекрывать
runners n, pl	—	полозья
skin n	—	обшивка

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What was the name of one of the well-known vessels of Kiev Russia time?

2. For what purpose did people build ships?

3. What other kinds of early river craft do you know?

4. What design features did they have?

5. What did the ship design depend on?

6. Who was the first builder of single-deck vessels?

7. For what purpose did the deck serve?

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте, переведите и запомните следующие слова. Обратите внимание на словообразование. Определите часть речи по словообразовательным элементам.

Build – builder – building, sail – sailing, begin – beginning - beginner, improve – improved – improvement, mount – dismount – dismountable, possess – possession – possessive.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, используя следующую лексику текста: vessels, possessing, sides, goods, capacity, strength, wooden, remains, deck, cross .

1. The … of dugout canoes were found in many parts of our country.

2. In the very beginning of the 9th century the Old Russian ships are known to … the Black Sea.

3. A … vessel built in the 12th century had an open … and a space for rowers between the outer and inner skins.

4. The “Lodya” was one of the well-known … of Kiev Russia.

5. The wooden planks fastened to the … of the “Lodya” increased her cargo-carrying … and seaworthiness.

6. The first deckers were vessels … a deck, i.e. single-deck vessels.

7. The deck served as a shelter for rowers, to place on … and warriors and it also added much to the … of the vessel.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык следующие группы слов.

The earliest boats, in the mouth of the river, 70 centimetres in breadth, dugout, along the coastline, in the very beginning, the outer skin, an improved dugout boat, cargo-carrying capacity, planks butted to one another, to smooth the sides, planks overlapping one another, a dismountable mast, a square sail, vessels driven by oars.

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте и письменно переведите третий и четвертый абзацы текста. Задайте 5 – 6 вопросов по содержанию данного текста, используя различные вопросительные слова и способы построения вопросительных предложений.

The Development of the Russian Shipbuilding

Слова к тексту:

merchant n	—	торговец
attempt n	—	попытка
harbour n	—	гавань, порт
train v	—	обучать
supply v	—	снабжать

Russian sailors, shipbuilders, research workers, inventors were always the representatives of advanced technical and scientific thought. Russian shipbuilding as well as navigation take their origin from the earliest days of the Russian history. Eastern slavs were not only courageous navigators but good shipbuilders as well.

Novgorod was the centre of Russian shipbuilding in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Novgorod merchants reached Gotland on ships of their own make. The experience got in the early days of Novgorod shipbuilding served as base to the later ship construction when the first attempts of building war ships were made. The progress in shipbuilding was made step by step from the earliest river craft to sea ships from rowed vessels to sailing ones, from logs to framed vessels.

The epoch of Peter the First is the time of regular Navy foundation. It was the time when ship construction was organized on broad scale and highly intensified. It was the epoch not only of the development of ship construction, but building up shipyards, ports, harbours and of the growth of a number of skilful specialists. To centralize the shipbuilding the Admiralty was organized in 1717. The Navigational school and Navy Academy were founded for training sailors, the school of Mathematical and Navigational sciences was organized in Moscow to train shipbuilders. Plants of Petersburg, Tula and other towns supplied the Navy with all sorts of armament.

The development of shipbuilding is closely connected with technological progress in other fields. In 1763 Polzunov invented his steam engine and its success in industry helped to use it on board ships. As soon as electric arc was invented it was introduced in shipbuilding for joining structural members of ship construction. The history of the shipbuilding development is closely connected with the names of S.O.Makarov, A.N.Krylov, I.G.Bubnov, P.F.Papkovich, Y.A.Shimansky and others. The development of modern military and commercial shipbuilding reflects the progress in other fields and meets the requirements of time.

Notes

arc n – электрическая дуга

as soon as – как только

as well – также

to meet the requirements of time – отвечать требованиям времени

Упражнение 6. Переведите текст со словарем. Найдите, выпишите в рабочую тетрадь и выучите все названные в тексте типы судов. Задайте пять вопросов по содержанию данного текста, используя различные вопросительные слова и способы построения вопросительных предложений.

Types of vessels

Слова к тексту:

exploration n	—	исследование
accommodate v	—	размещать
design v	—	проектировать
store v	—	хранить
equip v	—	оснащать

Throughout history, ships have been used to transport goods and people around the globe. In times of war they are employed in both defence and attack. From the 15th to the mid 19th century, sailing ships were widely used for exploration and trading, but by the 1880s their dominance was ended by the rise of steamships. Today, ships are mainly turbine- or diesel-driven, and include ocean liners, some of them can accommodate over 1,000 passengers; warships such as frigates and aircraft carriers; cargo-carrying container ships; and supertankers, which can carry 300,000 tons of oil. Container ship is a ship designed to carry goods stored in containers. Factory ships are equipped not just for catching fish but also for immediate processing and freezing the catch. The fish are gutted and cleaned in the factory area, and then stored in ice. The freshness of the fish is secured by this immediate freezing, and so the vessel can stay out at sea for many weeks, trawling for more catches.

Notes

gut v – потрошить

secure v – обеспечивать, гарантировать

trawl v – ловить рыбу траловыми сетями

Lesson 2

General Description of a Ship (Part I)

Слова к тексту

hull n	—	корпус
foremost a	—	передний, носовой
bow n	—	нос
stern n	—	корма судна
midship n	—	мидель, середина
bottom n	—	днище
plating n	—	обшивка
watertight а	—	водонепроницаемый
compartment n	—	отсек
bulkhead n	—	переборка
hold n	—	трюм
hatch n	—	люк
fuel n	—	топливо
superstructure n	—	надстройка
forecastle n	—	бак
poop n	—	ют, полуют
winch n	—	лебедка
derrick n	—	грузовая стрела

The main body of a ship is called a hull. The hull is divided into three main parts: the foremost part is called the bow; the rearmost part is called the stern; the part in between is called midship. The hull is the area between the main deck, the sides (port and starboard) and the bottom. It is made up of frames covered with plating. The part of the hull below water is the ship’s underwater body. The distance between the waterline and the main deck is the vessel’s freeboard. The hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along.

The hull contains the engine room, cargo spaces and a number of tanks. In dry-cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds. Openings giving access to holds are called hatches. In liquid cargo vessels the cargo space is divided into tanks.

At the fore end of the hull there are the forepeak tanks, and at the after end are afterpeak tanks. They are used for fresh water and fuel. If a ship has double sides, the space between the sides contains wing tanks.

All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure. Nowadays, cargo vessels are normally built with the after location of the engine room and bridge superstructure to have more space for cargo. The forward raised part of the deck is called the forecastle and its after raised part is the poop. On deck there are cargo handling facilities, such as cranes, winches, derricks etc. Ships having derricks also have cargo masts and cargo posts on deck.

Notes

cargo handling facility – оборудование для обработки груза

forepeak n – форпик

frame n – шпангоут

freeboard – надводный борт

port n (portside) – левый борт

post n – стойка

rearmost а – кормовой, самый задний

starboard n – правый борт

wing tank – бортовая цистерна

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the main body of a ship called?

2. What parts is the hull divided into?

3. What is the hull made up of?

4. What cargo spaces are there in dry-cargo ships?

5. What are these tanks used for?

6. What is superstructure?

7. Where is superstructure located on modern ships?

8. What cargo handling facilities are there on deck?

9. What do we call the forecastle/the poop?

Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски, используя лексику текста.

1. The main body of a ship is called the … .

2. The foremost part of the hull is called the … .

3. The rearmost part of the hull is called the … .

4. The hull is made up of … covered with … .

5. The part of the hull below water is the ship’s … .

6. The distance between the waterline and the main deck is the vessel’s … .

7. The hull is divided into a number of … by … .

8. The hull contains … .

Упражнение 3. Выразите согласие с утверждениями собеседника по образцу.

A. The ship has the overall length of 130 metres.

B. Yes, that’s right: the ship’s overall length is 130 metres.

1. The ship has a draught of 8.6 metres.

2. The ship has a length of 122 metres between perpendiculars.

3. The ship has a breadth of 23 metres.

4. The ship has a freeboard of 4 metres.

5. The ship has a draught of 10 metres in fresh water.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык следующие группы слов.

Main parts, made up of, the vessel’s freeboard, a number of, vertical steel walls, divided into, the cargo space, the fore end, double sides, wing tanks, after location, raised part of the deck, cargo handling facilities.

Упражнение 5. Задайте вопросы в соответствии с образцом.

A. Ask another student what the main body of a ship is called.

B. What is the main body of a ship called?

Ask another student: 1. into how many parts the hull is divided; 2. what the main parts of the hull are called; 3. what the hull of a ship is made up of; 4. what spaces the hull contains; 5. what tanks the hull contains.

Упражнение 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Задайте 5 – 6 вопросов по содержанию данного текста, используя различные вопросительные слова и способы построения вопросительных предложений.

General Description of a Ship (Part II)

Since a ship is supported by fluid pressure, she will incline in any direction in the process of loading according to the position of the weights placed on her. Therefore the ship’s position below water must be closely watched. The angle that a ship is making fore and aft with the water is known as trim. An extreme difference between the water levels at each end of the ship indicates bad loading. The levels are read by numbers painted on the ship’s stem and called draught marks. A list of inclination from one side to another, caused by faulty loading, is known as heel. In the course of loading load lines must be watched above all. The load lines are engraved and then painted on the both sides of ships. The divided circle on the left shows the depth to which the ship may be loaded in summer time. Below this line are, on the grid to the right, two lines. The one marked W means winter loading, the lower one marked WNA means the maximum depth to which the ship may be loaded if she is going across the North Atlantic in winter. The other marks above these are: T for tropical, F for fresh water. These lines are shown on the ship’s Load Line Certificate. In case of overloading a ship, so that these lines are under water, the penalties are severe.

Notes

angle n – угол

draught mark – марка осадки, углубления (корабля)

fluid a – жидкий

heel n – крен

fresh water – пресная вода

Load Line Certificate –свидетельство о грузовой марке

penalty n – наказание, штраф

trim n – дифферент; посадка судна

Lesson 3

Types of Ships (Part I)

Слова и словосочетания к тексту

reefer	—	рефрижераторное судно
ramp n.	—	аппарель
encourage v.	—	способствовать чему-либо
LASH-carrier	—	лихтеровоз
OBO ship	—	нефтерудовоз, балктанкер
PROBO ship	—	судно, предназначенное для транспортировки нефтепродуктов, сырой нефти, навалочных грузов и руды
CONBULKER	—	комбинированное судно, предназначенное для перевозки контейнеров и/или навалочных грузов
cargo port	—	грузовой (лац)порт
hybrid vessels	—	суда гибридного типа, сочетающие различные способы погрузки/выгрузки

On one hand, all cargo ships are divided into two types: dry-cargo ships and tankers. On the other hand, cargo ships may be divided into universal ships designed to carry principal different types of cargo and specialized ships designed to carry one type of cargo (e.g. bulk cargo, timber, refrigerated goods, oil etc.). Such specialized ships as bulkers, timber-carriers, reefer ships, tankers have long been known. In the past two decades three trends in specialized ship design have emerged. One is cargo-carriers with cargo handling equipment on board for special purposes or routes, such as, for example, heavy/bulky cargo ships with derricks or cranes capable of handling single lifts over 500 tons without outside assistance. These ships are also called special-purpose ships. The second trend is Roll-on/Roll-off ships, in which bow and stern doors and adjustable steel ramps permit vehicles to drive on board and drive off again, requiring only minimum dock-side facilities. The third trend is the container ship. The use of containers for cargoes has encouraged the design of ships specifically to carry containers. In their special form, as in the LASH barge-carrying ships, the container is a 60-foot steel lighter, which can be quickly launched over the ship’s stern.

There are specialized ships designed to carry different types of cargoes (e.g. OBO ships, PROBO ships, CONBULKERs etc.). These are called combined ships.

A comparatively new development is the multi-purpose ship combining characteristic features of both universal and specialized vessels.

Depending on the cargo handling method dry-cargo ships may also be divided into: LO-LO (lift-on/lift-off) vessels where handling of cargo is effected by derricks or cranes through cargo hatches; RO-RO (roll-on/roll-off) vessels where the cargo is rolled on board and rolled off through cargo ports or doors in the bow, stern or sides of the ship; FO-FO (float-on/float-off) vessels where dock lift cargo handling method is used, that is floating cargo units (e.g. barges) are floated into cargo spaces (usually large holds). But there are also hybrid vessels where combinations of the above mentioned methods are used, such as LO-LO/RO-RO (or LO/RO), RO-RO/FO-FO (or RO/FO-RO-Flow) vessels and others.

Notes

adjust v – регулировать, устанавливать

bulk cargo – насыпной (навалочный) груз

emerge v – появляться, возникать

vehicle n – транспортное средство

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the two types all cargo ships can be divided into?

2. What specialized ships do you know?

3. What do we call ships designed to carry automobiles?

4. How many trends in specialized ship design do you know?

5. What are advantages/disadvantages of specialized vessels?

6. What are special-purpose ships?

7. What kinds of combined ships do you know?

Упражнение 2. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.

1. Universal dry-cargo ships are designed to carry different types of cargo.

2. Special-purpose ships are designed to carry one particular cargo.

3. This ship is designed to carry heavy/bulky cargoes.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, используя следующую лексику текста: combined, trends, combining, facilities, equipment.

1. Cargo-carriers with cargo handling … on board for special purposes or routs are also called special-purpose ships.

2. Ro-ro ships require only minimum dock-side … .

3. Specialized ships designed to carry different types of cargoes are called … ships.

4. In the past two decades three … in specialized ship design have emerged.

5. A comparatively new development is the multi-purpose ship … characteristic features of both universal and specialized vessels.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык следующие группы слов:

On the one hand, on the other hand; ship design; outside assistance; without requiring outside assistance; bow/stern doors; to be capable of; depending on; floating cargo units; side ports; 60-foot steel lighter.

Упражнение 5. Выразите несогласие с заявлениями собеседника в соответствии с образцом.

A. You don’t know anything about unitized cargo ships, I’m afraid.

B. Yes, I do: they are container ships, ro-ro ships, barge-carriers.

1. You can’t give examples of specialized vessels, I believe.

2. You don’t know what OBO (PROBO) ships are, I’m afraid.

3. You don’t see the difference between specialized and special-purpose ships.

4. You’ve never heard about FO-FO ships, I think.

5. You can’t explain what dock lift method of handling the cargo is.

Упражнение 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите первый абзац текста. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What cargoes can universal vessels carry?

2. What are liners intended for?

3. What is the deadweight of liners?

4. Are universal vessels built nowadays?

5. What ships are further development of universal vessels?

6. When did multi-purpose vessels appear?

Universal Vessels

Слова и словосочетания к тексту

deadweight (dwt)	—	полная грузоподъемность, дедвейт
fuel consumption	—	расход топлива
appear v	—	появляться
advantage n	—	преимущество

Universal vessels can carry practically any types of cargoes, including refrigerated goods and liquids (in special tanks). However, most of them are designed to carry certain types of goods. Thus, liners are intended to carry general cargo, packaged cargo, containers, and also, depending on the route, special, liquid and refrigerated cargoes. Their deadweight varies between 2,000 and 20,000 tons and the speeds between 10 and 22 knots. Tramps are designed, as a rule, to carry bulk cargoes and timber, but can also carry general cargo if necessary. These ships must be of sufficient size to carry a profitable cargo and must be able to cope with bad weather conditions in any ocean; they must not be too large to enter the smaller ports of the world; speed is necessary but it increases running costs, so that a compromise between fuel consumption and speed is desirable. The modern tramp travels at between 12 and 15 knots. Its deadweight varies between 2,000 and 10,000 tons.

Since late 60s universal vessels have been superseded by specialized vessels. But world shipping crisis of mid-70s made shipbuilders and shipowners design new types of universal and specialized combined vessels, as specialized vessels proved to be unprofitable due to their inflexibility. Thus a new generation of universal vessels, better designed and equipped, was born. It was then that multi-purpose vessels, which are further development of universal vessels, appeared. Nowadays universal and multi-purpose vessels make up about a half of all ships being built.

Notes

inflexibility n – негибкость

running costs – эксплуатационные расходы

supersede v – вытеснять, заменять

tramp n – судно, фрахтуемое на случайные рейсы, трамп

universal vessels – универсальные суда

unprofitable – нерентабельный

It was then ... that – именно тогда

Lesson 4

Types of Ships (Part II) Barge Carrying Vessels

Слова к тексту

unitized	—	пакетированный (груз)
load v	—	грузить
ore n	—	руда
anchor v	—	стать на якорь
quay n	—	причал
restrict v	—	ограничивать
draught n	—	осадка
feature n	—	особенность, характеристика
dimension n	—	размер, размерение

The idea of barge carrier is the same as that of any unitized goods transporter: to keep cargo in the same package all the way and not to reload it. Large steel barges used as containers may be of different sizes and of different cargo carrying capacity. The only difference between a container and a barge is that the latter is much bigger and can float. Barges can be loaded with different cargo – from ore to containers. Several barge carrier designs are available, including the lighter aboard ship (LASH) and the sea barge (Sea Bee) designs.

The basic difference between the two systems is that the LASH ship is a “lift-up and lift-over” type, using a 500 ton gantry crane, while the Sea Bee ships float barges on to an elevator of 2,000 tons capacity, using a roller system for stowage.

Both LASH and Sea Bee ships can be operated as container ships. The advantages of the barge carrying system are as follows: 1. rapid loading and unloading; 2. the barge carrier can anchor and moor clear of quays and thus avoid port congestion; 3. the life of a barge is 2.5 times that of a container and the depreciation of a barge is about half that of the equivalent number of containers; 4. the organization of the barges is simpler than that involved with the much larger equivalent number of containers.

The disadvantages of the barge carrying system are: 1. distribution is limited, since the barge is restricted to a navigable inland waterway suited to the draught of the barge; 2. ice on waterways can restrict barge transport; 3. inland waterway transport is relatively slow; this is important in relation to perishable products; 4. the LASH type ship is more expensive than the equivalent container ship.

Notes

congestion n – загруженность (порта)

clear of – вне, не подходя к…

depreciation n – амортизация

gantry crane – козловой кран

the latter – последний

moor v – ошвартоваться

perishable a – скоропортящийся

stowage n – укладка, штивка

suit v – соответствовать

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the difference between a barge and a container?

2. What is the difference between LASH and Sea Bee system?

3. What are the advantages of the barge carrying system?

4. Are there any disadvantages? What are they?

5. Is there anything in common between all cargo vessels?

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте, переведите и запомните следующие слова. Обратите внимание на словообразование. Определите часть речи по словообразовательным элементам.

Transport – transportation – transporter, pack – package, load – reload – unload, differ – difference – different – differently, reduce – reduction, float – floatation, use – using – user – useful – useless, form – forming – formation – formally, distribute – distribution, restrict – restriction, relate – relative – relatively.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, используя следующую лексику текста: loaded, avoid, disadvantages, average, reload, reduce, advantages.

1. One of the main … of the barge carrying system is rapid loading and unloading.

2. The … time taken to lower the elevator, float two barges on and raise it is 29 minutes.

3. Barge carrier designs … the time in port and … the usual problems of port congestion.

4. The idea of a barge carrier is to keep cargo in the same package and not to … it.

5. Barges can be … with different cargo – from ore to containers.

6. However there are several … such as a limited distribution of the barge and the restriction of its transportation because of the ice.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык следующие группы слов.

Unitized cargo; port congestion problems; standard steel barges; 500 ton gantry crane; single deck type vessel; trade route; inland waterway transport; barge-carrier design.

Упражнение 5. Согласитесь с заявлениями собеседника, дополнив их подробностями.

Образец: А. Barges are much bigger than containers.

В. Yes, they are. And they can float.

1. Barges can be loaded with different cargo.

2. Several barge carrier designs are available.

3. Barge carrier designs differ in dimensions and design features.

4. Barge carriers permit to reduce port time.

5. The advantage of the barge carrying system is rapid loading.

6. The barge carrying system has some disadvantages.

Упражнение 6. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Задайте 5 – 6 вопросов по содержанию данного текста, используя различные вопросительные слова и способы построения вопросительных предложений.

The Bark “Sedov”

The bark “Sedov” is one of the largest training ships in the world. German shipbuilders built her in 1921 in Kiel. Her length is 117,5 m, displacement 6000 tons. She has four masts and her speed is 16 knots.

In 20s she sailed to Australia and South America. She carried wool. It was difficult to compete with steam fleet and the bark became a training vessel but she continued to carry cargo.

After World War II she became a ship of the Soviet fleet and she got the name “Sedov”. In 1957 the “Sedov” conducted research in the oceans. She had oceanographic research instruments and other scientific equipment on board.

In 50s and 60s she covered 250 thousand miles. One could see her in Europe, America, Africa. Kaliningrad’s shipbuilders restored the old sailing ship and now she is a modern training vessel with a library and a museum. 170 cadets have practice there every year.

Now the Ministry of Fishing has two largest training sailing ships in the world – the “Kruzenstern” and the “Sedov”.

Notes

compete v –конкурировать

displacement n – водоизмещение

restore v – реконструировать

steam v – пар

training ship – учебное судно

wool n – шерсть

Lesson 5

Ports The Port of Nakhodka

Слова и словосочетания к тексту

handle v	—	обрабатывать
cargo turnover	—	грузооборот
discharging n	—	разгрузка
berth n	—	причал
rate n	—	скорость, режим
portal crane	—	портальный кран
hold n	—	трюм
facility n	—	средство, устройство

The port of Nakhodka went into construction in 1947 and was completed in 1968. After special facilities for logs and sawn timber had been commissioned, Nakhodka is a modern, highly mechanized port. The port handles mostly exports and imports which account for 75 per cent of its cargo turnover while the coastal trade is usually cargoes for the Magadan Province, Chukotka and destinations in the Arctic zone. The exports are timber, coal and various generals while the imports are grain, equipment, large pipes, steel and generals.

The port’s cargo turnover is more than 6 million tons. The bulk of it is generals, grain, logs and sawn timber, containerized cargo and coal. The port handles over 1500 dry cargo vessels including 400 ships of foreign flags. The rate of loading and discharging is up to 2500 tons per vessel/day.

The port has 18 integrated transshipment facilities including three terminals for logs, two for sawn timber, eight for generals, two for dry bulk cargoes, two for cereals and one for containers. The facilities for logs and sawn timber can accommodate timber carriers of up to 20 000 dwt. The daily loading rate for logs is 1700 tons, and 1300 tons for sawn timber.

The general cargo berths can handle vessels of 12 000 dwt to 14 000 dwt. Their turnover rates vary from 700 t up to 2500 a day depending on the ship’s type. The container terminal can handle 500-TEU container carriers at 200 boxes/day.

The berths are equipped with modern high-duty portal and other cranes of 6 tons to 16 tons, the higher capacity equipment making 60 per cent of the trains. There are 300 various machines to mechanize operations inside holds, warehouses and rail wagons. The container terminal is equipped with gantry cranes and carriers.

Notes

cereals n, pl – хлебные злаки

commission v – вводить в строй

generals n, pl – различные виды генерального груза

log n – бревно

sawn timber – пиломатериалы

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. When did the port of Nakhodka go into construction?

2. What are the exports and the imports of the port?

3. What is the port’s cargo turnover?

4. What is the rate of loading and discharging per vessel/day?

5. What integrated transshipment facilities does the port have?

6. What is the container terminal equipped with?

7. What kinds of goods does the port’s cargo turnover consist of?

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте, переведите и запомните следующие слова. Обратите внимание на словообразование. Определите часть речи по словообразовательным элементам.

Complete – completed – completely, handle – handling, destined – destination, include – included – including, load – loading, charge – discharge – discharging, contain – container, accommodate – accommodation, carry – carrier, operate – operation.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, используя следующую лексику текста: discharging, vary, facilities, handle, accommodate, mechanize, equipped, loading.

1. The turnover rates of the general cargo berths … from 700 t up to 2500 to a day depending on the ship’s type.

2. The rate of … and … is up to 2500 tons per vessel/day.

3. The container terminal is … with gantry cranes and carriers.

4. The general cargo berths can … vessels of 12 000 dwt to 14 000 dwt.

5. There is a great number of various machines to … operations inside holds, warehouses and rail wagons.

6. The … for logs and sawn timber can … timber carriers of up to 20 000 dwt.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания и предложения.

Началось строительство порта, современный порт, терминал оснащен, грузооборот порта, терминалы для распиленного строевого леса, размещать, железнодорожные вагоны, для механизации работ, пункт назначения, ежедневный, в зависимости от.

Упражнение 5. Прочитайте текст. Во втором абзаце найдите предложение, которое является ответом на вопрос: What kinds of goods does the Murmansk port operate? Письменно переведите 1-й и 2-й абзацы текста.

The Port of Murmansk

Up to four-fifths of the total cargo turnover of the ports in the basin goes through the commercial seaport of Murmansk situated on the coast of the Gulf of Kola in the Barents Sea. It is the northernmost of Russian unfreezing ports.

The port handles general cargo, apatite, ore, coal, steel, timber, as well as foodstuffs, chemicals and many other cargoes. Every year hundreds of ships from many countries call at the port.

Three kilometers of berthing frontage, powerful cargo handling equipment and spaceous storage facilities enable Murmansk to handle ships without delay. The port of Murmansk as well as Kandalaksha, has adopted an advanced scheme of managing transport procedure based on continuous planning.

Highly skilled personnel of the shiprepair yard and technical maintenance base carry out repairs of ships and equipment as well as various sorts of dock work. Medical assistance is given to foreign seamen free of charge.

The control over the handling of foreign tonnage helps reduce the time of a ship’s stay in port and to complete loading/discharge efficiently. Supervisor services to foreign flags have been introduced in the port. The importance of such services is shown by the fact that the majority of foreign ships calling at Murmansk employ supervisors.

Notes

as well as – а также

apatite n – апатит (минерал)

employ v –применять

maintenance n – уход, содержание

storage facility – склад

supervisor n – инспектор, контролер, супервизор

without delay – без задержки

Lesson 6

Severnaya Verf

Слова и словосочетания к тексту

JSC (Joint-Stock Company)	—	акционерное общество
in the vicinity of	—	поблизости, около
covered-in-berth	—	эллинг
slipway n	—	стапель
launch-hoisting arrangement	—	спуско-подъемное устройство
in conformity with	—	в соответствии с
minesweeper n	—	тральщик
destroyer n	—	эсминец

The shipyard “Severnaya Verf” was founded on the 14th of November, 1912. In the early fifties the serious reconstruction was carried out at the yard and nowadays JSC Shipbuilding plant “Severnaya Verf” is one of the leading shipbuilders of St. Petersburg and Russia.

Location of the shipyard in the immediate vicinity of the entrance into the Seaway Channel of the Finnish Bay, its technological equipment, availability of the covered-in-berth with 4 slipways and launch-hoisting arrangement with the floating dock make it possible to build and repair ships and vessels of various purposes in conformity with the requirements of all classification societies.

During this long period more than 330 ships and vessels were built at the shipyard. Among them there are research and passenger vessels, container-carriers and ro-ro vessels, timber-carriers, minesweepers, escort ships, destroyers, cruisers, antisubmarine ships.

Nowadays the shipyard possesses qualified personnel and technical equipment which allow to build modern ships and vessels, as well as to repair and modify them.

The introduction of computer technologies, the quality control system according to the requirements of international standards, modern methods of management allowed shipyard to receive orders for constructions of ships and commercial vessels for export and to ensure stable financial and economic position.

JSC Shipbuilding plant “Severnaya Verf” is open for cooperation in the field of shipbuilding, repair and modernization of ships and vessels of various purposes.

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. When was “Severnaya Verf” founded?

2. Where is it located?

3. What are the advantages of its location?

4. What ships and vessels are built there?

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте, переведите и запомните следующие слова. Обратите внимание на словообразование. Определите часть речи по словообразовательным элементам.

Found – foundation – founder, construct – construction – reconstruction, lead – leading – leader – leadership, enter – entrance, equip – equipment, available – availability, arrange – arrangement, float – floatable – floatation – floating – floating bridge, build – builder – building – shipbuilding, require – requirement, classify – classification, science – scientist – scientific, search – research, contain – container, cruise – cruiser – cruising speed, quality – qualify – qualification, sure – surely, mode – modify – modification, modern – modernization, operate – cooperate – cooperation, vary – varied – variety – various.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, используя следующую лексику текста: shipbuilding, modernization, ensure, cooperation, allow, vessels, economic, allowed, qualified, ships, introduction, shipyard

1. Since 1912 the great variety of different types of ships and vessels were built at the … .

2. Nowadays the … possesses … personnel and technical possibilities.

3. Qualified personnel and technical possibilities … to build modern … .

4. The … of computer technologies … shipyard to receive orders and to … stable financial and … position.

5. The plant is open for … in the field of …, repair and … ships and … of various purposes.