Unit 8 taxes and taxation in ukraine text 1 taxation

Exercise 1.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) taxation	1) оподаткування
2) to raise money	2) залучати гроші
3) to require money	3) потребувати гроші
4) tax revenues	4) податкові надходження
5) the amount of taxes	5) сума (обсяг) податків
6) to impose a tax	6) обкладати податком
7) the burden of taxes	7) тягар податків
8) the source of revenues	8) джерело доходу
9) the remainder of revenue	9) залишок доходу
10) to charge fees for services	10) нараховувати плату за послуги
11) the gross domestic product	11) валовий внутрішній продукт
12) to raise taxes	12) підвищувати податки
to achieve social and economic objectives	13) досягати соціальних та економічних цілей

Exercise 1.2 Read and translate the text:

Taxation is a system of raising money to finance government. All governments require payments of money - taxes - from people. Governments use tax revenues to pay soldiers and police, to build dams and roads, to operate schools and hospitals, to provide food to the poor and medical care to the elderly and for hundreds of other purposes. Without taxes to fund its activities, government could not exist.

Throughout history, people have debated the amount and kinds of taxes that a government should impose, as well as how it should distribute the burden of those taxes across society. Unpopular taxes have caused public protests, riots, and even revolutions. In political campaigns, candidates' views on taxation may partly determine their popularity with voters.

Taxation is the most important source of revenues for modern governments, typically accounting for 90 per cent or more of their income. The remainder of government revenue comes from borrowing and from charging fees for services. Countries differ considerably in the amount of taxes they collect.

In addition to using taxation to raise money, governments may raise or lower taxes to achieve social and economic objectives or to achieve political popularity with certain groups. Taxation can redis- tribute a society's wealth by imposing a heavier tax burden on one group in order to fund services for another. Also, some economists consider taxation an important tool for maintaining the stability of a country's economy.

Exercise 1.3 Read the text and match the equivalents:

1.The source of revenue	a) підвищувати податки
2. Tax revenue	b) валовий внутрішній продукт
3. Borrowing	c) податкові надходження
4. A measure of economic output	d) значно відрізнятись
5. An important tool for maintaining the stability	e) джерело доходів
6. To differ considerably	f) мірило економічного випуску
7. To achieve political popularity	g) перерозподіляти багатство
8. To raise taxes	h) важливий інструмент для підтримання стабільності
9. The gross domestic product	i) досягти політичної популярності
10. To redistribute a society’s wealth	j) позичка

Exercise 1.4 Read the text and choose the best to complete the sentence:

1. Taxation is a system of...:

a) raising money to finance government;

b) collecting payments of money from people;

c) distributing funds.

2. Taxation is a source of...:

a) national planning;

b) charily;

c) revenues.

3. Taxation is a tool for...:

a) reducing prices;

b) redistributing a society's wealth;

c) encouraging business.

4. Throughout history, people have debated….

a) the amount and kinds of taxes;

b) a tax collection;

c) administration costs.

5. Countries differ considerably in…..

a) government spending at all levels;

b) the amount of taxes;

c) a national defense.

Exercise 1. 5 Read the text and choose whether the statements are true or false:

1. Taxation is a system of raising money from people and businesses.

2. Government could not exist without taxes.

3. The amount and kinds of taxes have never been debated throughout history.

4. People usually support their government in imposing taxes.

5. Every country has its own system of taxation.

6. Borrowing is the main source for finance government's activity.

7. Government sometimes uses taxes to achieve social and economic objectives.

8. Taxation helps government to maintain the stability of country's economy.

9. Taxation is the most important source of revenues for governments.

10. No tax system is perfectly efficient.

Exercise 1. 6 Read the text and choose the right ending:

1. Taxation is a system of raising money	a) in the amount of taxes they collect.
2. Unpopular taxes have caused	b) for modern government.
3. Taxation is the most important source of revenues	c) by imposing a heavier tax burden on one group in order to fund services for another.
4. Countries differ considerably	d) to finance government.
5. Taxation can redistribute a society’s wealth	e) public protest, riots and even revolutions.