Unit 4 criminal law text 1 the nature of criminal law

Exercise 1.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) to be tempted to	1) бути схильним до чогось
2) to threaten with punishment	2) загрожувати покаранням
3) conduct	3) поведінка
4) archetypal crimes	4) типовий злочин
5) disturbance of the public peace and order	5) порушення суспільного миру й порядку
6) to forbid	6) забороняти
7) lead to harmful results	7) призвести до шкідливих наслідків
8) unlike	8) на відміну від
9) to seek to resolve legal disputes	9) намагатись розв’язати правові спори
10) to be incarcerated	10) бути ув’язненим

Exercise 1.2 Read and translate the text:

Criminal law (also known as penal law) is the body of law that deals with crime and the legal punishment of criminal offenses.

Criminal law seeks to protect the public from harm by inflicting punishment upon those who have already done harm and by threatening with punishment those who are tempted to do harm. The harm that criminal law aims to prevent varies. It may be physical harm, death, or bodily injury to human beings; the loss of or damage to property; sexual immorality; danger to the government; disturbance of the public peace and order; or injury to the public health. Criminal law also often tries to avoid harm by forbidding conduct that may lead to harmful results.

Criminal punishment, depending on the offense and jurisdiction, may include execution, loss of liberty, government supervision (parole or probation), or fines. There are some archetypal crimes, like murder, but the illegal acts are not wholly the same between different criminal codes, and even within a particular code lines may be blurred, as civil law violations sometimes give rise also to criminal consequences. Criminal law typically is enforced by the government, unlike the civil law, which may be enforced by private parties.

Criminal law involves prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime. Civil cases, on the other hand, involve individuals and organizations seeking to resolve legal disputes. In a criminal case, the state, through a prosecutor, initiates the suit, while in a civil case the victim brings the suit. Persons convicted of a crime may be incarcerated, fined or both. However, persons found liable in a civil case may only have to give up property or pay money, but are not incarcerated.

Exercise 1.3 Match the two parts of the sentences:

1. Criminal law often tries to	a) by the government.
2. Criminal law typically is enforced	b) the victim brings the suit.
3. Civil law may be enforced	c) prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime.
4. Criminal law involves	d) may only have to give up property or pay money, but are not incarcerated.
5. Civil case involve	e) may be incarcerated, fined, or both.
6. In a criminal case	f) avoid harm by forbidding conduct that may lead to harmful results.
7. In a civil case	g) individuals and organizations seeking to resolve legal disputes.
8. Persons convicted of a crime	h) the state initiates the suit.
9. Persons found liable in a civil case	i) by private parties

Exercise 1.4 Read the text again and write out the synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

1. Penal law –

2. Damage –

3. Penalty –

4. Prohibited –

5. Human being –

6. Disagreement -

7. To be imprisoned -

8. Responsible –

9. Control –

10. Behaviour –

Exercise 1.5 Choose the word that best completes the sentence.

1. Criminal Law/ Civil Law is the branch of law that defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their probation/punishment.

2. A Criminal Code / Execution is a compilation of government laws that outline a nation’s laws regarding criminal offenses, and the maximum and minimum punishments that courts can suit / impose upon offenders when such crimes are committed (for example: vandalism, retail theft, theft of property etc.)

3. A tort / Crime is a civil wrong committed against an individual; a tort / crime, on the other hand, is regarded as an offense committed against the public, even though only one individual may have been wronged.

4. It’ll be some weeks before your offence / case comes to trial.

5. A penalty / supervision is legal or official punishment for committing a crime or other offense, e.g. a fine or imprisonment.

Exercise 1.6 Give English equivalents from the text for the following word combinations:

1. Кримінальне право –

2. Кримінальний кодекс –

3. Злочин –

4. Правопорушення –

5. Покарання –

6. Призначати покарання –

7. Загрожувати покаранням –

8. Запобігати злочину -

9. Тілесні ушкодження –

10. Забороняти –

11. Втрата свободи –

12. Нагляд –

13. Умовне покарання –

14. Типові злочини –

15. Призвести до шкідливих наслідків –

16. Бути схильним до чогось –

17. Бути ув’язненим –

18. Порушення громадського порядку –

Exercise 1.7 Transform the sentences in Active Voice into the sentences in Passive Voice according to the model:

Model: The government typically enforces the criminal law.

The criminal law is typically enforced by the government.

1. Private parties usually enforce the civil law.

2. They classify this act as a crime.

3. In a criminal case the state initiates the suit.

4. In a civil case the victim brings the suit.

5. They may incarcerate persons convicted of a crime.