Functions of participles:

1. Означення	She is worried about coming exams He picked up the pieces of a broken cup.
2. Іменна частина присудка	She was frightened by strangers.
3. Обставина засобу дії	They came in discussing the experiment.
4. Складний додаток	I saw her entering the house.

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the functions of participles.

In one of the plants visited, the delegates were shown new types of equipment.

The following table shows the position of each of the London clearing banks.

He was reading the letter smiling.

We heard the neighbours quarrelling in the adjoining room.

The quality of the goods is in accordance with the specification enclosed.

The goods required can’t be shipped immediately.

She gave me such an understanding look that I felt encouraged.

Exercise 2. Join the who sentences in one, like in the example.

E.g.: She sang a song. We heart it. We heard her singing a song.

He cut his finger. We saw it.

The young woman lied the police officer. He felt this.

The machines were being tested. We observed this.

The students were writing a test. The professor watched it.

He explained the rule. We heard it.

He bribed the director. A manager saw it.

V. Discussion:

Answer the following questions:

What’s a usual conditioner like?

What is freon? Why is it used in conditioners?

Do air conditioners work on the same principles as refrigerators?

Does a compressor in a conditioner compress hot freon? What for?

How is low-pressure freon gas produced?

What lubricates the compressor?

Where is a conditioner usually set?

How many parts does a conditioner consist of?

What ere the main parts of a conditioner?

Where are hot and chilled coils set?

What’s the function of fans?

2. Add more details to the statement:

1. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner.

2. The evaporation cycle consists of four stages.

3. A lightweight oil lubricates the compressor.

3. Retell the text.

Unit 8.

The notion of BTU and EEr.

I. Warm–up:

1. Does an air conditioner consume a lot of energy?

2. What agency provides maintenance of your air conditioner?

3. Do air conditiones affect our health?

4. In what way?

II. Read and translate the text:

Vocabulary notes:

to rate -	оцінювати, обчислювати
to imply -	мати на увазі, припускати
estimates -	кошторисні пропозиції
wattage	потужність у ватах
payback -	окупність
approximately -	приблизно
to assume -	предполагать, допускати
to break even -	покрити свої витрати
consumption -	споживання; витрати (енергії)
rating -	розрахункове значення (параметрa)

Text.

Most air conditioners have their capacity rated in British thermal units (BTU). Generally speaking, a BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound (0.45 kg) of water 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celsius). Specifically, 1 BTU equals 1,055 joules. In heating and cooling terms, 1 "ton" equals 12,000 BTU.

A typical window air conditioner might be rated at 10,000 BTU. For comparison, a typical 2,000-square-foot (185.8 m2) house might have a 5-ton (60,000-BTU) air conditioning system, implying that you might need perhaps 30 BTU per square foot. (Keep in mind that these are rough estimates. To size an air conditioner for your specific needs, contact an HVAC contractor.) The energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its wattage. For example, if a 10,000-BTU air conditioner consumes 1,200 watts, its EER is 8.3 (10,000 BTU/1,200 watts). Obviously, you would like the EER to be as high as possible, but normally a higher EER is accompanied by a higher price.

Let's say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units. One has an EER of 8.3 and consumes 1,200 watts, and the other has an EER of 10 and consumes 1,000 watts. Let's also say that the price difference is $100. To understand what the payback period is on the more expensive unit, you need to know:

Approximately how many hours per year you will be operating the unit.

How much a kilowatt-hour (kWh) costs in your area.

Let's say that you plan to use the air conditioner in the summer (four months a year) and it will be operating about six hours a day. Let's also imagine that the cost in your area is $0.10/kWh. The difference in energy consumption between the two units is 200 watts, which means that every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1 additional kWh (and therefore $0.10 more) than the more expensive unit.

Assuming that there are 30 days in a month, you find that during the summer you are operating the air conditioner:

4 mo. x 30 days/mo. x 6 hr/day = 720 hours

[(720 hrs x 200 watts) / (1000 watts/kW)] x $0.10/kWh = $14.40

Since the more expensive unit costs $100 more, that means that it will take about seven years for the more expensive unit to break even.

III. Comprehension check-up:

1. Make the right choice:

1) Most air conditioners have their capacity rated:

1. in British thermal units;

2. in joules;

3. in watts.

2) A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of:

1. one litre of water one degree Fahrenheit;

2. one pound of water one degree Celsius;

3. one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

3) The energy efficiency rating of an air conditioner is:

a) its BTU rating over its voltage.

b) its BTU rating over its wattage.

c) its wattage over its BTU rating.

4) Normally a higher EER is accompanied:

1. by a higher price;

2. by a lower price;

3. by a stable price.

5) To understand what the payback period is on the more expensive unit:

you need to know the price of a kilowatt-hour in your area;

you need to know approximately how many hours per year you will be operating the unit;

you need to know bothe the price of a kilowatt – hour in your area and approximately now many hours per year you will be operating the unit.

2. Put the sentences into the right order according to the text continuity:

1) Let’s say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units.

2) Ob viously, you would like the EER to be as high as possible.

3) The difference in energy consumption between the two units is 200 watts.

4) A typical window air conditioner might be rated at 10,000 BTU.

Specifically, 1 BTU equals 1.055 jouls.

3. Mark true (T) and false (F) statements. Correct the false ones:

1) In heating and cooling terms, 1 “ton” equals 12,000 BTU.

2) A typical window air conditioner has to be rated at 10,000 BTU.

3) The capacity of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its wattage.

4) Every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1 additional kWh than the more expensive unit.

5. It will take about seven years for the cheaper unit to break even.

4. Vocabulary knowledge check-up:

Match the words to their description:

1) estimate	a) ability to produce the required result
2) efficiency	b) money received as profit after it has been invested in a business activity
3) payback	c) the using up of food, goods, energy and resources by people
4) joule	d) price given for work to be done or a service to be provided
5) consumption	e) standard unit of work and energy

Fill in the missing prepositions where necessary:

1) Most air conditioners have their capacity rated … British thermal units.

2) A typical air conditioner might be rated … 10,000 BTU.

3) The energy efficiency rating … an air conditioner is its BTU rating … its wattage.

4) Normally a higher EEU is accompanied … a higher price.

5. … heating and cooling terms, 1 “ton” equals 12,000 BTU.

3. Put the words into the right order to make up correct sentences:

1) BTU, the, a speaking, amount, required, pound, water, heat, Fahrenheit, generally, is, of, to, degree, temperature, one, one, raise, the, of, of.

2) High, as, as, higher, higher, obviously, would, be, you, to, the, like, possible, by, accompanied, normally, but, price, a, a, EER, is, EER.

3) Summer, be, day, hours, a, about, let’s, you, use, say, to, that, will, six, be, it, hours, plan, the, in, the, conditioner, air.

4) Wattage, energy, BTU, conditioner, its, rating, an, of, over, the, efficiency, air, is, rating, its.

5) $100, also, difference, let’s, that, the, say, price, is.

V. Controlled Practice:

Absolute participle construction:

Самостійний дієприкметниковий зворот + підмет + присудок + другорядні члени The test being difficult, the students made many mistakes. Підмет + присудок + другорядні члени + самостійний дієприкметниковий зворот The workers left the port, the goods having not been unloaded.

Exercise 1. Combine the two sentences in one, like in the example.

E.g. The day was warm. We opened all the windows. – The day being warm, we opened all the windows.

The experiments have been carried out. Scientists started new investigations.

The conference passes successfully. Journalists highlighted this in press.

The work was done. We went home.

The guidebook contains the necessary information. We can easily find the way to the hotel.

The new ways of food preservation have been invented. We can keep food fresh longer.

The conference of the Academy of sciences is now being held in Moscow. A number of important scientific problems are being discussed.

The factory was closed. Many people became jobless.

The new materials were applied. The processing became easies.

The rain has passed. The air is fresh.

The crew of a spaceship performed its tasks. The spaceship was returned to the Earth.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the absolute participle construction.

The play being popular, it was difficult to get tickets.

The signal given, the experiment started.

Our friends having helped us, we could finish the work in time.

The key having been lost, they couldn’t enter the laboratory.

The article having been finished, I showed it to the teacher.

A nuclear reaction having been developed, the greatest achievements in the field of atomic energy became possible.

The plan was discussed in details, many students having taken part in that discussion.

The Nobel Prize winners Basov and Prochorov developed the theory of quantum electronics, lasers being the most important discovery in this field.

The electrons move with various speed, their speed depending on the temperature.

10. Any moving object can do work, the amount of kinetic energy being defined by its mass and speed.