“Objective with the Infinitive” Construction:

Підмет + присудок + складний додаток + другорядні члени речення. They want him (the engineer) to test this device. We haven’t heard him (the scientist) speak about this on the conference.

Exercise 1. Change the sentences as in the example.

E.g. We expect that the refrigerator will serve us long. – We expect the refrigerator to serve us long.

I don’t consider that he is a qualified mechanic.

They knew that the material was toxic.

I believe he is in the laboratory now.

We didn’t notice that the water boiled away.

He finds that the experiment is dangerous.

We heard that new methods of food preservation had been invented.

I don’t like when you give me instructions.

She knows that he is right.

The engineer wants that the workers analyse the results.

Employees expect that their wages will increase.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with your ideas.

E.g. I expect the food … - I expect the food to stay fresh in the new refrigerator.

He ordered me … .

The inventor believes his idea … .

The mechanic watched the machine parts … .

I like people … .

We suppose the temperature … .

Students know a new achievement … .

We heard the designer … .

Scientists consider the liquid … .

I think the process …

We expect this method … .

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Вони хотіли б, щоб їх син став вченим.

2. Я знаю, що вона дуже відповідальна.

3. Ми спостерігали, як провидиться експеримент.

4. Він не любить, коли хтось йому заважає.

5. Ми хочемо, щоб вчитель пояснив це правило ще раз.

6. Ти чув, що менеджер наказав зробити це?

7. Я хотів би, щоб ви почекали мене тут.

8. Ми очікуємо, що вони незабаром прийдуть.

9. Я ненавиджу, коли він запізнюється.

10. Ми сподіваємося, що новини будуть добрі.

VI. Discussion:

1. Answer the questions:

What helps keep the refrigerators cool?

Which gas is used in the compressor?

What happens with the ammonia gas?

Does the liquid ammonia boil or freeze? Why?

Is the ammonia dangerous for people?

What do people do to avoid the risk of poisoning?

Do you know who Du Pont was? What is he famous for?

How many parts does a refrigerator consist of?

What are the functions of these main parts?

What do you know about the work of the cycle? Is it a complex process?

2. Retell the text.

Unit 4.

Gas and Propane Refrigerators.

I. Warm-up:

1. What are other gases or chemical elements (except for ammonia) used in a refrigerator?

2. What are its main parts?

3. What is the source of energy for the refrigerator to work?

II. Read and translate the text:

Vocabulary notes:

primary -	головний, первинний
coolant -	охолоджувач
hydrogen -	водень
to generate -	накопичувати
to separate -	розділяти
solution -	розчин
to raise smithy -	піднімати
to be composed of -	складатися з

Text.

If you own an RV or use a refrigerator where electricity is not available, chances are you have a gas- or propane-powered refrigerator. These refrigerators are interesting because they have no moving parts and use gas or propane as their primary source of energy. Also, they use heat, in the form of burning propane, to produce the cold inside the refrigerator.

A gas refrigerator uses ammonia as the coolant, and it uses water, ammonia and hydrogen gas to create a continuous cycle for the ammonia.

The refrigerator has five main parts:

generator - generates ammonia gas;

separator - separates ammonia gas from water;

condenser - where hot ammonia gas is cooled and condensed to create liquid ammonia;

evaporator - where liquid ammonia evaporates to create cold temperatures inside the refrigerator;

absorber - absorbs the ammonia gas in water.

The cycle works like this:

Heat is applied to the generator. The heat comes from burning something like gas, propane or kerosene.

In the generator is a solution of ammonia and water. The heat raises the temperature of the solution to the boiling point of the ammonia.

The boiling solution flows to the separator. In the separator, the water separates from the ammonia gas.

The ammonia gas flows upward to the condenser. The condenser is composed of metal coils and fins that allow the ammonia gas to dissipate its heat and condense into a liquid.

The liquid ammonia makes its way to the evaporator, where it mixes with hydrogen gas and evaporates, producing cold temperatures inside the refrigerator.

The ammonia and hydrogen gases flow to the absorber. Here, the water that has collected in the separator is mixed with the ammonia and hydrogen gases.

The ammonia forms a solution with the water and releases the hydrogen gas, which flows back to the evaporator. The ammonia-and-water solution flows toward the generator to repeat the cycle.

III. Comprehension check-up:

1. Make the right choice:

Gas- or propane-powered refrigerators use heat in the form of … :

1. burning propane;

2. hydrogen gas;

3. boiling water.

As a coolant a gas refrigerator uses … :

ammonia;

hydrogen;

propane.

Separator separates ammonia gas from … :

hydrogen;

liquid ammonia;

water.

Water, ammonia and hydrogen gas are used to create a … cycle for the ammonia:

1. non-continuous;

2. continuous;

3. cooling.

Liquid ammonia evaporates in an evaporator to create … inside the refrigerator:

1. cold temperature;

2. heat;

3. liquid ammonia.

The liquid ammonia is mixed with hydrogen gas to produce cold temperatures in the … :

generator;

condenser;

evaporator.

2. Put the sentences into the right order according to the text continuity:

1. The refrigerator consists of 5 parts which perform certain functions.

2. There are refrigerators that can use propane as the primary source of energy.

3. The liquid ammonia is mixed with hydrogen gas, producing cold temperatures inside the refrigerator.

4. The heat in the generator raises the temperature of the solution (water and ammonia) to the boiling point of the ammonia.

5. A continuous cycle is a complex process and it is composed of some steps.

6. The ammonia is condensed into liquid in the condenser.

7. The boiling solution of ammonia and water flows to the separator where water separates from the ammonia gas.

8. The ammonia-and-water solution flows toward the generator to repeat the cycle.

9. In the absorber the water that has collected in the separator is mixed with the ammonia and hydrogen gases.

3. Mark true (T) and false (F) statements. Correct the false ones:

Gas and propane refrigerators have moving parts like simple refrigerators.

They use heat, in the form of burning propane.

Burning propane is used to produce heat inside the refrigerator.

The refrigerator is composed of 5 parts that perform the same function.

A gas refrigerator uses hydrogen as the coolant.

Water, ammonia and hydrogen gas are used to create a continuous cycle for the ammonia.

A continuous cycle is a complex process and it is composed of some steps.

IV. Vocabulary knowledge check-up:

1. Match the words with their description:

solution	a) can easily be found
to generate	b) main
primary	c) a mixture of liquids
to be available	d) to consist of
to be composed of	e) to collect

2. Fill in missing prepositions where necessary:

Some refrigerators use heat … the form … burning propane to produce the cold … the refrigerator.

A separator is a device which separates ammonia … water.

Heat is applied … the refrigerator; it comes … burning propane or kerosene.

The condenser is composed … metal coils and fins that allow the ammonia gas to dissipate its heat and condense … a liquid.

The ammonia forms a solution … the water and releases the hydrogen gas, which flows back … the evaporator.

3. Put the words into the correct order to make up sentences:

Generator, is, heat, applied, to, the.

Is, there, in, ammonia, of, solution, water, a, and, generator, the.

Gas, use, source, of, refrigerators, are, because, interesting, as, energy, they, primary, their, propane.

Cycle, the, to repeat, solution, toward, refrigerator, the, ammonia-and-water, the, flows.

Five, condenser, parts, the, generator, evaporator, main, separator, refrigerator, absorber, has.

V. Controlled Practice:

“Nominative with the Infinitive” Construction:

Підмет + присудок + інфінiтив + другорядні члени речення She is said to be a qualified specialist. The device is supposed to be tested next weak. He seems to know this rule. The engineer happened to be in the laboratory when the accident took place.

Exercise 1. Change the sentences as in the example.

E.g. It is known that he is a great inventor. – He is known to be a great inventor.

1. It was said that a lot of machines had been damaged by the fire.

2. It seems that the experiment is a great success.

3. It’s unlikely that the instructions will be fulfilled immediately.

4. It can be expected that the results will be improved soon.

5. It is reported that he has been working over this problem for many years.

6. It is considered that the British consume more frozen food.

7. It is very likely that there are many books on this problem in our library.

8. It seems that she has failed the exam.

9. It happens so that I know when the contract was signed.

10. It is reported that the conference took place in Australia.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with your ideas.

E.g. The inventor is said … - The inventor is said to have designed a unique device.

The new refrigerator is sure … .

The experiment turned out … .

The delegation is reported … .

The new material is considered … .

This international exhibition is believed … .

I happened to … .

The employees seem … .

The cooling towers are supposed to … .

The problem is considered to … .

The supervisors are expected to … .

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Наврядчи ми впораємось із цим вчасно.

2. Вважається, що споруда існує тут з початку минулого століття.

3. Трапилось так, що ми першими дізнались про вибух.

4. Здається, вона і гадки не має про цей випадок.

5. Вважають, що він один з провідних конструкторів сьогодення.

6. Він виявився не дуже хорошим спеціалістом.

7. Це питання, напевно, більше цікавить їх.

8. Здається, ця стаття була опублікована в гвзеті минулого тижня.

VI. Discussion:

1. Answer the questions:

What is RV?

What’s interesting about it?

What source of energy does it use?

What does it use as a coolant?

Why is water used here?

What are the main parts of RV?

Does a simple refrigerator have the same parts? Compare them/

What are their functions?

2. Retell the text.

Unit 5.

Thermoelectric Effect.

1. Warm-up:

What are coolers?

How do they work?

2. Read and translate the text:

Vocabulary notes:

to rely on -	покластися
wire -	дріт
bismuth -	вісмут
to connect -	з’єднувати
junction -	з’єднання
poles -	полюс
current -	cтрум
to amplify	посилювати
to fill with	наповнювати

Text.

You may have seen the new coolers that don't use ice, plugging into your car's cigarette lighter instead. These coolers rely on a process known as the Peltier effect, or thermoelectric effect, to produce cold temperatures electronically.

You can create the Peltier effect with a battery two pieces of copper wire and a piece of bismuth or iron wire. Just connect the copper wires to the two poles of the battery, and then connect the bismuth or iron wire between the two pieces of copper wire. The bismuth/iron and copper must touch - it is this junction that causes the Peltier effect.

The junction where current flows from copper to bismuth will get hot, and the junction where current flows from bismuth to copper the junction will get cold. The maximum temperature drop is about 40 F from the ambient temperature where the hot junction is located.

To create a Peltier cooler, the hot junction is placed outside the refrigerator, and the cold junction is placed inside. Normally, you create a module containing many junctions to amplify the effect.

Speaking of refrigeration and coldness, have you ever used one of those "instant cold packs" that looks like a plastic bag filled with liquid. You hit it, shake it up and it gets extremely cold. What's going on here?

The liquid inside the cold pack is water. In the water is another plastic bag or tube containing ammonium-nitrate fertilizer. When you hit the cold pack, it breaks the tube so that the water mixes with the fertilizer. This mixture creates an endothermic reaction - it absorbs heat. The temperature of the solution falls to about 35 F for 10 to 15 minutes.

3. Comprehension check-up:

1. Make the right choice:

1) Some coolers don’t use … :

electricity;

ice;

water.

The Peltier effect can be also called … :

a) thermoelectric effect;

b) refrigeration effect;

c) greenhouse effect.

3) To create the Peltier effect connect the copper wires to … ant the bismuth wire between the pieces of copper wire:

current;

two poles of the battery;

refrigerator.

4) An instant cold pack … if you hit it or shake it up:

becomes hot;

gets liquid;

becomes cold.

5) Instant cold packs are filled with … :

gas;

ice;

liquid.

6) Water mixes with … when you hit the cold pack:

ammonium-nitrate fertilizer;

ice;

solution.

7) The mixture of water and ammonium-nitrate fertilizer in the pack … :

1. spreads heat;

2. absorbs heat;

3. absorbs cold.

2. Put the sentences into the right order according to text continuity:

1. Instant cold packs create endothermic reaction.

2) These coolers rely on thermoelectric effect.

You need to create hot junction and cold junction to get thermoelectric effect.

Endothermic reaction absorbs heat.

Coolers, which don’t use ice produce cold electronically

3. Mark true (T) and false (F) statements. Correct the false ones:

1. All coolers use ice to create cold.

2. To create the Peltier effect you need to join iron wire and copper wire.

3. The junction where current flows from copper to bismuth gets cold and the junction where current flows from copper to junction gets hot.

4. When you hit or shake an instant cold pack it becomes cold.

5. The tube with ice inside the pack is broken, thus cold is created.

6. The temperature of water and fertilizer solution falls to 35 F in 10 or 15 minutes.

IV. Vocabulary knowledge check-up:

Match the words with their description:

1) to rely on	a) to bring into contact
2) to connect to	b) two ends of an electronic battery
3) current	c) to depend on
4) to amplify	d) flow of electricity
5) poles	e) to increase, to strengthen

2. Fill ing the missing prepositions where necessary:

Coolers, which don’t use ice, rely … thermoelectric effect.

To create this effect, connect copper and iron wires … a battery.

During this connection, current flows … copper … bismuth and bismuth … copper, producing hot and cold junction.

In a Peltier cooler the hot junction is placed … the refrigerator and the cold junction is placed … it.

Instant cold packs are filled … liquid.

When you hit the cold pack or shake it … , the liquid … the pack mixes … ammonia-nitrate fertilizer which absorbs heat.

3. Put the words into the right order to make up sentences:

1. Some, don’t, temperature, ice, coolers, to make, use, cold.

2. Peltier, the, on, rely, these, effect, created, due to, coolers, electricity.

3. Bismuth, is, copper, touch, when, effect, the, and, produced, thermoelectric.

4. To, effect, amplify, you, the, module, many, a, create, containing, junctions.

5. Water, with, a, there, inside, is, ammonia-nitrate, tube, fertilizer, the, pack, some, and, cold.

6. Mixture, reaction, of, fertilizer, creates, endothermic, this, water, and, an, heat, which, absorbs.

V. Controlled Practice:

“For + Infinitive” Construction:

Іменник Підмет+присудок+другорядні члени+For + інфінітив Займенник The process was stopped for the engineer to check up the machines. The task is difficult for him to do it quickly.

Exercise 1. Change the sentences according to the example.

E.g. The conditions are difficult. He can’t work. – The conditions are difficult for him to work.

The temperature is high. The products can be frozen.

The machines are to be delivered today. It’ s necessary.

The materials are too expensive. We can’t buy them.

A mechanic didn’t check up the engine. There was no time.

We shouldn’t change the terms of payment. There is no reason.

The letters must be sent today. It’s necessary.

The steamer will not call at the airport. There is no need for this.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Їй важко розв’язати задачу.

2. Михайлові немає потреби працювати довго.

3. Ми чекали, коли він повернеться.

4. Мені важко виступати перед великою аудіторією.

5. Ось вам інструкція вивчити.

6. Зараз дуже пізно, щоб ми відмовились від заказу.

7. Нам дуже важливо отримати цю інформацію.

8. Йому слід прийти туди вчасно.

9. Їй важко іноді прийняти рішення.

10. Нам необхідно дізнатись про нові методи переробки матеріалів.

VI. Discussion:

1. Answer the questions:

1. What is the function of coolers?

2. Do coolers use ice to produce cold temperatures?

3. What do you know about thermoelectric effect?

4. How can the Palter effect be created?

5. What do you need for this?

6. What happens to the temperature? What’s the maximum temperature?

7. What is an instant cold pack?

8. Is there liquid inside the cold pack ammonia?

9. What causes an endothermic reaction?

10. What is the result of the endothermic reaction?

2. Retell the text.

Unit 6.

General description of conditioners.

I. Warm-up:

Do you live in a private house or in a block-of-flats?

Do the windows of your flat (house) face the street or a backyard?

What household devices do you have at home … ?

II. Read and translate the text:

Vocabulary notes:

comfort -	розрада; затишок
water tower -	водонапірна вежа
power line -	лінія електропостачання
indispensable -	необхідний; незамінний
cooling capacity -	охолодна здібність
air conditioning -	кондиціонування повітря
condensing unit -	компресорно-конденсаторний агрегат
warehouse -	товарний склад
mall -	пішохідна алея

Text.

When the temperature outside begins to climb, many people seek the cool comfort of indoor air conditioning. Like water towers and power lines, air conditioners are one of those things that we see every day but seldom pay much attention to.

Wouldn't it be nice to know how these indispensable machines work their magic? In this unit, we will examine air conditioners -from small to huge - so you know more about what you're seeing!

Air conditioners come in various sizes, cooling capacities and prices. One type that we see all the time is the window air conditioner (Fig.2):

Fig.2. Window air conditioners are an easy and economical

way to cool a small area

M ost people who live in suburban areas usually have one of these in their backyard (Fig.3):

Fig.3. Air conditioner

If you live in an apartment complex, this is probably a familiar sight (Fig.4):

Fig.4. Condensing units.

Most businesses and office buildings have condensing units on their roofs, and as you fly into any airport you notice that warehouses and malls may have 10 or 20 condensing units hidden on their roofs (Fig.5):

Fig.5. And then if you go around back at many hospitals, universities and office complexes, you find large

Cooling towers that are connected to the air conditioning system (Fig.6):

F ig.6. Air conditioning system

Even though each of these machines has a pretty distinct look, they all work on the same principles.

III. Comprehension check-up: