Билет № 10.

1. Прочитать и перевести текст. Ответить на вопросы по тексту.

Global concentration of atmospheric pollution seriously threatens the ozone layer. It means the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and increased ozone depletion. This threatens to lead to dramatic climatic changes or global warming. To reduce these threats, the scien­tists of the various countries of the world say that global emissions must be curtailed.

A number of gases contribute significantly to the stock of greenhouse gases. The burning fuels by automobiles and industries are main sources of greenhouse gases. Less damaging sources include deforestation, ani­mal husbandry, wet rice cultivation, decomposition of waste, and coal mining.

Because incomes and consumption are higher in the wealthiest countries, per capita emissions are much higher. For example, the lev­el of per capita emissions in the United States is more than twice bigger than that in Europe, 19 times higher than that in Africa, and 25 times higher than that in India.

Answer the questions:

1. What threatens the ozone layer? 2. Does global warming result from air pollution?

3. Where is the rate of income and consumption higher?

2. Прошедшее простое время и будущее простое время.Past Simple Tense образуется при помощи глагола V₂. a в отрицательных и вопросительных did +V₁ Употребляется для:1. факты, отдельные действия, имеющие указание на время их совершения в прошлом, такие как: Yesterday, 2 days ago, last Thursday (year, weekend), 1990, in May, on SundayHe graduated from the University in 2009. He left for Kazan two days ago.2. обычные и регулярно повторяющиеся действия в прошлом:

I attended these lectures twice a week last term. – Я посещал эти лекции два раза в неделю в прошлом семестре. Для выражения часто повторяющегося действия в прошлом часто употребляются сочетания used to или would do, которые переводятся раньше, имел обыкновение, обычно, бывало.

I used to go to work on foot, but now I don’t. – Я раньше ходил на работу пешком, а теперь нет.

3. Последовательность событий в прошлом: He entered the room, took off his coat and set to work. – Он вошёл в комнату, снял пальто и принялся за работу.

Future Simple Tense образуется при помощи глагола will+V₁. Употребляется для:

1. факты и отдельные действия в будущем с такими словами как:

Tomorrow, in 2 days, next Thursday (year, weekend), in 2012

They will take their final exams in June. She will be in a minute.

2. обычные и регулярно повторяющиеся действия в будущем: I will attend these lectures twice a week next term. 3. Последовательность событий в будущем: On Saturday I will finish my work at 2 o’clock, go home, have lunch and call on you.

3. Рассказать о Марий Эл.

The Mari El republic is situated in the center of the European part of Russian Federation. The Volga River divides it into 2 parts: the left-bank lowland and the right-bank highland. The territory of Mari El is about 23,000 sq. km. The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola.

People of different nationalities live in Mari El: Maris (They live in three ethnic units: Hill Maris, Meadow Maris and Eastern Maris), Russians, Tatars, Chuvashes and others.

Mari-El is rich with woods, rivers and lakes. The most common trees in the republic are: pine, fir, birch, aspen, lime, oak. Lots of different species of animals live in Mari El such as hare, fox, wolf, brown bear, lynx, beaver, and elk. The climate is temperate-continental. There are long cold winters and warm summers. The middle of July is the hottest time, autumn is cool and rainy, winter begins in December. The coldest month is January. Spring is cool and sometimes dry.

Our republic is rich in some minerals: sand, gravel, clay, peat, limestone. Key industry sectors are power generation, machine-building, metal-working, food industry, radio electronics, lumber production, wood-working, and pharmaceutical industry.

The lead agricultural sector is livestock breeding. It includes raising cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry, and horses. Wheat and rye are grown in Mari El..

The Republic of Mari El is a sovereign state under jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. The Head of the Republic is the President of Mari El who is elected for a 4-year term. He forms the Cabinet. The Republic's State Assembly represents the legislative branch of power.