Text a Fossil Fuels

The chief sources of energy available to man today are oil, natu­ral gas, coal, water power and atomic energy. Coal, gas and oil represent energy that has been concentrated by the decay of organic materials (plants and animals) accumulated in the geologic past. These fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels.

The word fossil (derived from the Latin fodere “to dig up”) originally referred to anything that was dug from the ground, par­ticularly a mineral. Today the term fossil generally means any direct evidence of past life, for example, the footprints of ancient animals. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks, although sometimes they may be found in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well. They are most abundant in mudstone, shale and limestone, but fossils are also found in sandstone, dolomite and conglomerate.

Most fuels are carbon-containing substances that are burned in air. In burning fuels give off heat which is used for different pur­poses.

Fuels may be solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid fuels may be di­vided into two main groups, natural and manufactured. The former category includes coal, wood, peat and other plant products. The latter category includes coke and charcoal obtained by heating coal in the absence of air.

Liquid fuels are derived almost from petroleum. In general, natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons – compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon — together with the small amount of other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum is usually associated with water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. Petroleum is one of the most efficient fuels and raw materials.

Of gaseous fuels the most important are those derived from natu­ral gas, chiefly methane or petroleum. Using gaseous fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control. Gas is the most economical and convenient type of fuels. Today gas is widely utilized in the home and as a raw material for producing synthetics.

Scientists consider that a most promising source of natural re­sources may be the floor of the sea, a subject which now has be­come an important field of research.

Generally speaking, all types of fossil fuels described in the text are of great economic importance as they represent the sources of energy the man uses today.

Ex. 4. Which sentences are true according to the text?

1. Coal, water power and atomic energy are the only sources of energy available to man today.

2. Coal, wood and peat represent natural group of solid fuels.

3. As a rule fossil fuels are found in sedimentary rocks.

4. Crude oil is widely used for producing solid fuels.

5. Petroleum can be found in porous sedimentary rocks.

6. Gas is used to produce synthetic materials.

7. Not all types of fossil fuels burn.

Ex. 5. Answer the questions.

1. What fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels?

2. What does the word fossil mean?

3. What rocks are most abundant hi fossil fuels?

4. What types of fossil fuels do you know?

5. Is coke a natural or manufactured solid fuel? And what can you say about coal and peat?

6. How are coke and charcoal produced?

7. What rocks is petroleum usually associated with?

8. What are the advantages of gaseous fuels?

Ex. 6. Find in the right column Russian equivalents of these words.

1. fossil fuel а) дерево и торф

2. raw material b) небольшое количество аргиллита

3. crude oil c) органическое топливо

4. the chief sources of energy d) сланец и известняк

5. to refer to e) сырье

6. any direct or indirect f) материалы, содержащие углерод

7. evidence of the deposit g) главные источники энергии

8. shale and limestone h) любые прямые или косвенные

9. carbon-containing materials i) признаки месторождения

10. wood and peat j) сырая (неочищенная) нефть

11.the small amount of mudstone к) относиться к (чему-л.); cсылаться на

Ex. 7. Find in the right column English equivalents of these words.

1. древесный уголь и кокс a) to collect data

2. жидкое топливо b) charcoal and coke

3. накапливать c) to be composed of limestones

4. собирать данные d) liquid fuel

5. происходить от e) to accumulate

6. получать хорошие результаты f) to derive from

7. богатый горючими сланцами g) to obtain good result

8. состоять из известняков h) abundant in oil shales

Ex. 8. Translate the sentences using these words.

to be of great importance; to be the basis for; the national economy; to represent; there is; to manufacture; gaseous

1. Уголь, нефть и природный газ – старейшие источники энергии. Они представляют собой горючее топливо органи­ческого происхождения.

2. Есть (существует) жидкое, твердое и газообразное топливо.

3. Уголь – сырье для получения кокса.

4. Сырая нефть является основой для изготовления промышленного жидкого топлива.

5. Использование природного газа имеет большое значение для народного хозяйства страны.

Ex. 9. Finish the sentences using suitable words from text A.

1. As for the origin of fossil fuels they have been formed by ... .

2. According to the latest information the main sources of energyare ... .

3. As is known fossil fuels are mostly associated with ....

4. As far as petroleum is concerned, it can be found in ... .

5. Generally speaking, all types of fuel are important....

Ex. 10. Retell text A using these words:

1. Fossil fuels as a source of energy, their origin, (to represent, energy, the decay of organic materials, to accumulate, to be found in, to be abundant in)

2. The types of fossil fuels. Solid fuels, natural and manufac­tured, their usage, (to divide into, to include, to obtain)

3. Liquid fuels. Petroleum, its origin, occurrence and usage, (to be derived from, to contain, to be associated with, to be found in)

4. Gaseous fuels and their use in the economy, (to make it possible, to be widely used, to be of importance)