- •Text 1 land surveying
- •Land Surveying
- •What do I do?
- •What do I do?
- •What is a surveyor?
- •What is a surveyor?
- •Global positioning system (gps) and traditional total station surveying
- •Leveling and 3-d surveying
- •Leveling and 3-d surveying
- •Basic theories of surveying
- •Basic theories of surveying
- •Tools and methodology of surveying
- •Tools and methodology of surveying
- •The duties of the surveyor
- •The duties of the surveyor
- •A little about surveying in texas
- •A little about surveying in texas
Tools and methodology of surveying
Assuming that plane surveying is acceptable for a particular scope of work, the surveyor's measurements are typically gathered with a theodolite, an instrument that is set up over a recoverable point. The theodolite is a sophisticated instrument combining the capabilites of objects with which we are all familiar: a telescope, a ruler, and a protractor. The telescope with crosshair is used for sighting greater distances than the unaided eye can see, and with greater precision. A laser, used in conjunction with a specialized prism, acts as the "ruler", and provides a method for measuring slope distances. On most contemporary survey instruments, a digital readout provides angular measurements (our "protractor") in both the horizontal and vertical planes. After the gathering of these raw measurements, trigonometry can be used to convert the data to a more usable form, usually in the form of XYZ coordinates. The vertical angle and slope distance are converted from polar measurements (angle and distance) to provide a difference in elevation (delta Z coordinate) and horizontal distance. The horizontal distance and horizontal angle are converted from polar measurements to rectangular coordinates (delta X and Y coordinates). Simpler forms of math are used to keep the coordinates on a common datum, most of which are just logical reasoning applied to spacial relationships.It is important for a surveyor to be able to choose appropriate tools and methodology to perform a specific task with the required degree of precision and accuracy. One would not use a yardstick to measure a mile, or a vehicle odometer to measure ten feet, with any reasonable expectation of obtaining accurate results.
Express your own point of view about the methodology of surveying, using the following phrases.
I think that...
It seems to me that...
It is interesting that...
According to the text...
In conclusion I would like to say that...
TEXT 8
The duties of the surveyor
Study the vocabulary.
1. to govern |
['gAv(q)n] |
править, управлять, контролировать |
2. to regard |
[ri'gRd] |
рассматривать, касаться, принимать во внимание |
3. to originate |
[q'riG(q)neit] |
давать начало, порождать, создавать |
4. originally |
[q'riG(q)n(q)li] |
первоначально, изначально |
5. ground |
[graund] |
грунт, земля, почва |
6. to prepare a map |
[pri'pFq q mxp] |
производить съёмку местности |
7. related |
[ri'leitid] |
родственный, связанный |
8. perpetuation |
[pq"peCu'eiS(q)n] |
сохранение |
9. inception |
[in'sepS(q)n] |
начало |
10. investigative |
[in'vestigqtiv] |
исследовательский |
11. skill |
[skil] |
умение, навык |
12. subsequent |
['sAbsikwqnt] |
последующий, следующий |
13. to include |
[in'klu:d] |
заключать, включать в себя, содержать в себе |
14. corresponding |
["kOri'spOndiN] |
надлежащий, соответствующий |
15. reference |
['rFfqrqns] |
ссылка (на кого-л. / что-л.) , упоминание (о ком-л. / чём-л.) |
16. services set |
['sWvisiz sFt] |
ряд услуг |
17. provision |
[prq'viZqn] |
обеспечение, предоставление, снабжение |
18. to interpret |
[in'tWprit] |
объяснять, толковать, интерпретировать |
19. to anticipate |
[xn'tisipeit] |
ожидать, предвидеть, предчувствовать |
20. to delineate |
[di'linieit] |
набрасывать, чертить, намечать |
21. delineation |
[di"linieiS(q)n] |
схема, набросок, очертание, эскиз, проект |
22. essential |
[i'sFnSql] |
важный, необходимый, основной |
23. to sustain |
[sq'stein] |
поддерживать, способствовать, обеспечивать |
Exercise 1. Match the word from your active vocabulary and its definition.
1. Important, necessary, fundamental. |
a. to govern |
2. Special ability. |
b. to sustain |
3. To foresee and act in advance of something. |
c. originally |
4. To look attentively at something or someone, to consider. |
d. skill |
5. To provide or give support. |
e. to interpret |
6. Connected, associated. |
f. subsequent |
7. To clarify or explain the meaning. |
g. to anticipate |
8. In the first place. |
h. essential |
9. To direct and control the actions, affairs. |
i. related |
10. Occurring after, succeeding. |
j to regard |
Exercise 2. Find the English equivalents from your active vocabulary to these Russian words.
1.грунт |
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2.начало |
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3.упоминание о чем-либо |
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4.надлежащий |
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5.ряд услуг |
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6.поддерживать, обеспечивать |
|
7.изначально |
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8.родственный |
|
Exercise 3. Find the synonym to the given word from your active vocabulary.
1. mention |
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2. to contain |
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3. research |
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4. plan |
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5. to begin |
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6. to take into account |
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7. to control |
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8. supply |
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9. soil |
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10. basic |
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11. beginning |
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12. to expect |
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13. connected |
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Read and translate the text.