1) Evocative words

a) functional dialects:

• social dialects

• colloquialisms (telly, cool)

• slang

• jargon

• argot

• neologisms

• created by polysemy

• blends

• nonsense words

• loan words (special case = barbarisms)

• archaisms

• regional dialects/varieties

2. Evaluative words

• familiar words

• pejorative words

• diminutives

• augmentatives

B. FIGURES

4 kinds: figures of speech (tropes), sound, rhetorical f., syntactic f.

Figures of speech = tropes

• image

- images of sight (visual), touch (tactile), sound (auditory), taste (gustatory), smell (olfactory), motion (kinetic, static)

tied images  free images

• epithet

- non-figurative = epitheton constans

- figurative = epitheton ornans

transferred epithets

• simile

constant similes vs. creative approach

• metaphor

s: he is as brave as a lion  m: he is a lion of a man  metaphor does not compare but substitutes on the basis of some similarity

• dead metaphor (=faded, worn-out)

• simple m.  extended m.

Figures of speech related to metaphor:

• personification

a) inanimate object animated by some typically living creature’s activity

b) animated epithet connected with an inanimate noun

• metonymy = a figure of contiguity on the basis of some factual, objective connection

• four basic kinds:

1. the cause for the effect

2. the container for the contain(ed)

3. the material for the product

4. the place of origin/location for the thing

• synecdoche

Other types of figures of speech:

• hyperbole

• litotes

• euphemism

• irony

verbal, situational or dramatic

sarcasm

• periphrasis

• symbol

poetic symbolism – private  traditional (intelligible)

• myth

• allegory

special kind = parable

Figures of sound

• euphony

• cacophony

Fancy the fabric,

Quite, ere you build, ere steel strike fire from quartz,

Ere mortar dab brick

• rhyme

In poetry - different rhyme patterns = rhyme schemes

• rhythm

- symbols: / (stressed),  (unstressed)

- can be regular, irregular or completely loose (free verse)

• alliteration (head rhyme, front rhyme, initial rhyme)

- used in poetry, newspaper headlines, advertisements, titles

- very common in English, the most traditional English rhyme

Marlboro – a man’s smoke

fit as a fiddle, busy as a bee

• assonance

e.g. he was brave yet pale, the gale in Spain, hot dog, time and tide

• consonance

• often used in combination with alliteration:

e.g. the lotos blooms, grand groan

• onomatopoeia - onomatopoeic words

- human (murmur, yawn) or non-human sounds (bang, crack, smash, bow-how, moo-moo)

Rhetorical figures

5 basic kinds:

a) rhetorical question

b) rhetorical answer

c) antithesis

e.g. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. (Pope)

d) paradox

e.g. Make haste slowly, the child is father of the man (Wordsworth), I can resist everything but temptation (Wilde), in logic: one Cretan says: ”All Cretans are liars.”

e) allusion

e.g. You too, Brutus?!

Philips – sense and simplicity

Syntactic figures – characterized by a change in the normal syntactic procedures

- most frequent ones: