The Sequence of Tences

Якщо присудок головного речення стоїть у Past Indefinite, то присудок додаткового підрядного речення повинен стояти в одному з минулих часів: Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect .

Якщо дія підрядного речення відбувається одночасно з дією головного речення:

Present Simple – Past Simple Present

Perfect – Past Perfect

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous

She lives in Kiev. I knew that she lived in Kiev.

He is working. I thought that he was working. (одночасова дія)

Якщо дія підрядного речення передує дії головного речення:

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

Past Simple – Past Perfect

He has left Kiev. I didn’t know that he had left Kiev.

She lost her keys. I knew that she had lost her keys. (попередня дія)

Якщо дія підрядного речення відбувається після дії головного речення:

Future – Future in the Past

They will come in time. I hoped they would come in time. (подальша дія)

Future-in the-Past (майбутній по відношенню до минулого) =

Should/would + інфінітив без to

- Модальні дієслова: will – would can – could

must/have to – had to may - might

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть речення.

1. I didn’t know where our teacher had lived. 2. She was sure that we should come. 3. They said that they knew. 4. I thought that he finished his work at five every day. 5. I thought that he had finished his work at five every day. 6. We knew that he was ill. 7. We knew that he had been ill. 8. She realized that nobody would come. 9. We understood that she heard nothing. 10. My mother was sure I already had come. 11. I didn’t know they were in the room. 12. We supposed the rain would stop in some hours. 13. He said he never had been to Kyiv. 14. We wanted to know who was singing in the next room. 15. We supposed they would send us the documents.

2. Translate into English, using the sequence of tences:

1. Він сказав, що його мати лікар.

2. Я думав, що вона хворіє.

3. Ми сподівались, що він прийде вчасно.

4. Він впевнений, що закінчить роботу до завтра.

5. Ми хотіли знати, коли вона прийшла.

6. Вона сподівається, що я не працюватиму в неділю.

Урок 7

Ukrainian Meals

Topical words

cuisines	meat	spices
dishes	pork, beef, mutton	herbs
meals	poultry	pastry
starters	fish	to cook
course	seafood	to bake
dessert	fruit	to boil
food (foodstuffs)	vegetables	to fry
snack		to have lunch (tea)

The hospitality of the Ukrainian people is well-known throughout the world.

When a foreigner sets foot in Ukraine first he gets acquainted with our cookery — national dishes and meal-times. Frequently he gets to know that in this country they are not the same as in his. But he has to do in Ukraine as the Ukrainians do.

The usual meals in Ukraine are breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper. Sanatoriums, rest-homes, hospitals and other public establishments gener­ally follow the former order of meals. But a number of Ukrainian families follow the latter order.

Breakfast is the first meal in the day. Lunch (or luncheon) is a light meal usually in the middle of the day.

Dinner is the chief and the most substantial meal. It isn’t served at a definite hour in our country. When it is in the middle of the day, the lighter evening meal is called supper.

Working people usually have a break for dinner at their place of em­ployment. During the break they have either dinner or lunch.

In great many Ukrainian homes dinner is followed by a cup of tea with a slice of lemon, jam or home-made pastry.

Ukrainian cuisine is closely linked to the customs, culture and way of life of the Ukrainian people. It is famous for its diversity and flavours.

The most popular Ukrainian dish is borsch. This thick and delicious soup is prepared with a variety of ingredients including meat, mushrooms, beans and even prunes.

Mushroom soups, bean and pea soups, soups with dumplings and thick millet chowders are also popular.

«Holubtsi», or stuffed cabbage, is another favourite dish, as are «varenyky» filled with potatoes, meat, cheese, sauerkraut, or berries such as blueberries or cherries. «Varenyky» are often mentioned in folk songs.

Ukrainians like dairy products. Some samples: cheese, pancakes and «ri- azhanka» (fermented baked milk). There are no holidays without pies, «pam- pushky» (type of fritters), «baba» (a tall cylindrical cake) and honey cakes.

Ukrainian sausage is delicious. It is preserved in a special way — in porcelain vessels filled by melted fat.

Of course, every region of Ukraine has its own recipes and traditions.

If you have a special dinner, a house-warming party for example, you should know how to lay the table on such an occasion. First you spread the table-cloth and put out table-mats to protect the table from the hot dishes: a tureen of soup, a bowl of hot vegetables, a platter of meat, a boat of sauce, etc. Then you take out of the drawer in the sideboard soup spoons for the soup, spoons for the sweet and all the cutlery — knives and forks, including a small knife for the butter, a small knife and fork for the hors d'oeuvres and a fruit knife for the dessert.

You should put the knives and the soup spoon on the right-hand side and the fork on the left, except the spoon for the sweet which you should put across the top. Then you put out the bread-board and a knife to cut the bread.

On the left of each guest you put a small plate for bread and on the right a wine-glass. Don’t forget to put out the table napkins for each guest and place several salt-cellars.

Once again have a look at the table and see if it is laid for each person. Then you are ready for the friends to come and don’t forget: to put a bowl of beautiful flowers on the dinner table.

I remember my last receiving the guests. It was my birthday party. I had thought over the menu of that dinner-party before the guests came to my place. I began with hors d'oeuvres followed by a clear soup with meat pas­ties, the second course included chicken with rice and vegetables, salad and so on. Then ice-cream for the sweet and fruit for dessert. And, of course, there was a nice cake with the candles lighted. What a lovely birthday party I have had!

Remember: to sit at table — having a meal

to sit at the table — writing a letter

1. Answer the following questions:

1. What is Ukrainian cuisine famous for?

2. What is the most popular Ukrainian dish?

3. What are the other popular Ukrainian dishes?

4. What products do Ukrainians like?

5. What is your favourite Ukrainian dish?

6. What Ukrainian dishes do you like to cook?