Grammar exercises

I. Change from Active into Passive and translate into Russian:

1. A diesel engine must use fuel oil.

2. Pressure must deliver oil to all bearings and gears.

3. A supercharger must compress air to a higher pressure.

4. A cam can open and close the inlet valve mechanically.

5. The crankshaft must return power to the piston.

6. The piston of a two-cycle engine must cover and uncover the ports at certain positions.

7. Marine diesel engines may use sea water, fresh water or lubricating oil for cooling.

8. To ensure a uniform turning moment engine constructors must provide a fly-wheel.

9. The cams must operate various valves.

Unit IX

Supplementary texts

To be read after texts I and II.

The Main Parts of an Engine and the Work

They Perform

You have learned that the power of a diesel engine originates in the cylinder. Oil fuel is sprayed into the cylinder by means of the pressure produced by the fuel-injection pump. There it meets air which was compressed by the piston while the piston was being pushed upward in the cylinder. The oil burns, producing heat and more pressure. The hot confined gases press the piston downward with greater force than was used to push it upward. The piston, in turn, pushes on the connecting rod which connects the piston to the crank on the crankshaft. The force on the crank makes the crankshaft turn in its bearings, and the rotating crankshaft supplies power to whatever machinery the engine drives. This is the way in which the diesel engine changes the heat energy of oil into mechanical power.

Now let’s note what essential parts the engine must have to carry out these operations. The essential parts and the work that each performs are as follows:

1. A piston is sliding in a cylinder. The piston performs the following work: first, to compress the air charge, second, to receive the pressure of the gases while they are burning and expanding.

2. A cylinder head which closes the top end of the cylinder so as to make a confined space in which to compress the air and to confine the gases while they are burning and expanding.

3. Valves or ports to admit the air and to discharge the spent or exhaust gases.

4. Connecting rod to transmit force in either direction from the piston to the crank on the crankshaft.

5. Crankshaft and the main bearings which support the crankshaft and permit it to rotate.

6. A supporting structure to hold the cylinders, crankshaft, and main bearings in firm relation to each other. This structure is usually made up of two parts, called frame and bedplate.

7. Fuel-injection pump to force the oil into the cylinder also fuel-injection nozzle to break up the oil into a fine spray as it enters the cylinder.

8. Camshaft, driven by the crankshaft, to operate the fuel-injection pump and also to open the valves (in engines which use valves).

9. Flywheel, to store up surplus energy on the power stroke and to return that energy when the piston is pushed upward on the compression stroke.

10. Governor or throttle, to regulate the amount of fuel supplied at each stroke, and thus control the engine speed and power.

11. Blower, to force air into the cylinder of two cycle engines.

12. Miscellaneous parts, such as piping to supply air and remove exhaust gases, lubricating system to lubricate the moving parts, water jacket to cool the cylinder.

Words

originate, v возникать, происходить

by means of, prep посредством

push, v толкать

force, n, v сила, нагнетать

supply, v подавать, снабжать

whatever любой

drive, v приводить в движение,

управлять

change, v менять, изменять

carry out, v выполнять

essential, adj существенный

in either direction в любом направлении

support, v поддерживать

permit, v позволять

make up, v составлять

break up, v зд. распылять

camshaft, n кулачковый вал

flywheel, n маховое колесо

store up, v накапливать, аккумулировать

surplus, n излишек

compression stroke такт сжатия

governor, n регулятор

speed, n скорость

blower, n воздуходувка

miscellaneous, adj разнообразный

piping трубопровод

lubricate, v смазывать

To be read after text 3.