Exercise 3

Answer these questions:

1. When do the colour – light signals give indications?

2. What lights are used to give the indications?

3. What are locomotives equipped with?

4. What is the engine crew informed about?

5. What warnings do locomotive cab signals give?

6. What device is installed on some railroads?

7. How is it called?

Exercise 4

Make true statements by matching these halves of sentences:

1. Locomotive cab signals are equipped 2. Apparatus located in the cab 3. The engine crew is informed 4. A protective device is installed 5. The first signals installed 6. Locomotives are equipped 7. Some signals are operated 8. It is called

a) of conditions ahead regardless of the weather. b) to have been hand operated by station employees. c) automatic train control. d) by hand other to be automatic. e) to give audible warnings. f) with apparatus located in the cab. g) to apply the brakes automatically. h) gives a continuous indication to the engineman

Text 15 Road and land. Roadbed

Write down and learn the words:

facility - обладнання

to refer - мати відношення

right of way – смуга відводу

cinder - шлак

Read and translate the text:

Railway facilities are usually divided into two general groups: road and equipment.

"Road" is also referred to as "way and structures." It includes land, right of way, roadbed and track, signal and communication systems; station and other buildings at ter­minals; shops and round-houses, warehouses, power plants and lines; offices and other buildings; many other types of structures located both on and off the railway line.

The right of way on one or the other side of the line is sometimes from five to ten miles wide.

Engineers lay out the roadbed on the right of way. Being a strip of land, on which the ties and rails are laid, the roadbed should be wide enough to support and carry one or more lines of the track that the railway builders plan to lay.

The road may have a foundation of earth or subballast on which the ballast itself is laid, or the rails and ballast may be laid directly on the right of way. Consisting of gravel, stone, slag, cinders, sand or other similar material, ballast (with the subballast) should not be less than 24inches deep.

Having determined the number of tracks, that should be laid, engineers calculate the width of ballast.

Having been thus measured, the roadbed is prepared for laying ballast.

Exercise 1

Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word – combinations:

to include, communication systems, warehouse, wide, to lay out, ties and rails, to support, to carry, earth, to consist of, stone, deep, cinders, divided into, other side, to support, equipment.