Exercise 1

Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word – combinations:

side by side, between main lines, land has been prepared, bridge, at various points, must be equipped with, the same line, the roadway, branch lines, to allow, opposite directions, to make up, along the rout, to consist of, other train passes, to link major cities, right of way, between main lines.

Exercise 2

What’s the English for:

такий як, штучні споруди, на додаток до, вздовж магістралі, в той самий час, простягається, коротка колія, прокладений, зустрічні потяги, у різних пунктах, обслуговування, по обидві сторони, слідувати, подорожувати, головні міста, власний, підготовлений, відносяться до.

Exercise 3

Answer the following questions:

1. What does track consist of?

2. What is the foundation for the track?

3. Main-line routs link small villages, don’t they?

4. What is the function of the multiple tracks?

5. Why must single-track lines be equipped with sidings?

6. What makes up a railroads right of way?

TEXT 9

Track and ballast

Write down and learn the words:

suitable – відповідний

however – проте

blast furnace – доменна піч

armed –озброєнні

plough – плуг

van –товарний вагон

Read and translate the text:

Of all the various materials which are used for ballast broken ballast or broken granite is the most suitable. These materials are however costly. Recently a very effective and much cheaper substitute has been found in blast furnace slag.

In the early days the ballast to be laid on the track was first taken to the site in ordinary wagons and unloaded into heaps spaced at suitable intervals beside the track. Gangs of platelayers armed with shovels then spread the ballast over the track, tucking it under the sleepers until a firm foundation was made. In these days ballast trains are employed. They consist of wagons that can discharge the loose stone directly on to the track through the floors of the wagons. As the engine draws the ballast train slowly forward, a plough like a snow plough, which is fixed in front of the brake van, spreads the ballast thus discharged from the wagons. The platelayers then finish the operation.

Exercise 1

Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word – combinations:

broken granite, costly, cheaper, slag, unloaded into heaps, gangs of platelayers, tucking it under the sleepers, to employ, discharge the stone, slowly forward, brake van.

Exercise 2

What’s the English for:

щебінь, недавно, заміна, укладати на колію, звичайний вагон, озброєні лопатами, під шпали, розвантажувати, безпосередньо, повільно вперед, подібний до снігоочисника, таким чином, закінчувати.

Exercise 3

Fill in the blanks with the necessary words:

1. Broken ballast or broken granite is the most…

2. Much cheaper… has been found in blast furnace…

3. The ballast was… to the site in ordinary wagons.

4. In these days ballast trains are…

5. Ballast trains… wagons.

6. A plough like a snow plough, which is in front of the brake van, …the ballast.

suitable, taken, fixed, substitute, spreads, slag, consist of, employed