Nuclear energy

Utilization of atomic power has effected a considerable revolution in the entire field of power engineering. The atom permits obtaining electric power in the places where coal or oil cannot be transported by conventional means. Atomic power stations are successfully built in those places where supplies of organic fuels have been entirely exhausted or are near exhaustion. The main and most wonderful feature of nuclear fuel is the enormous thermal energy it contains. Indeed, one kilogram of nuclear fuel is equal to more than 2,000 tons of coal. Mention should be made that no other branch of technology has progressed as fast as nuclear power engineering. The construction of atomic power stations equipped with the so- called "fast" reactors is the basic trend in the further development of power engineering.

Упражнение 8. Переведите предложения, содержащие абсолютный причастный оборот.

1. The fundamental of electricity are the fundamentals of electronics, both being branches of physics.

2. The condenser being placed in a direct currents circuit, the current will stop flowing.

3. The velocity, length and frequency of the wave are independent of each other, the frequency being equal to the velocity divided by the wavelength.

4. The size of the electrodes being increased, the current capacity also increases, the voltage output remaining the same.

Упражнение 9. Объясните употребление причастия в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The engineer making that experiment took a lot of meas­urements.

2. The scientist chooses between several procedures mentioned above.

3. Having solved that equation the student found the ratio between the numbers.

4. If not examined carefully the hot-water system looses a lot of heat.

5. We give the results of the made calculations in decimals.

6. While working with the microorganisms we found that they produced a variety of antibiotics.

7. Being too expensive the project could not be approved.

8. The scientific worker planning a series of experiments must be aware of the general nature of the problem under investigation.

9. Prepare a diagram of your solution and give a clear ex­planation to all the people working at this problem.

Упражнение 10. Выберите предложения, в которых причастие вы­полняет функцию определения, определите форму прича­стия и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Much of the data collected will be fed into machines and computers during the coming months.

2. While working with a map, make sure that you know whether your map is marked in feet or in meters.

3. The electric current passing through a wire will heat that wire.

4. Electrons being negative move from lower to higher po­tential, that is, more negative to less negative.

5. It must be borne in mind when working on transmitters that very dangerous voltages will exist.

6. Radio waves are emitted from a conductor carrying the alternating current.

7. The weight of a body is defined as the force of gravita­tional attraction exerted on the body by the earth.

8. Built some hundred years ago, the house stood still in­tact.

9. The latest calculations sent for arrived just in time.

10. Comparing these preliminary estimates we arrive at the following conclusion.

11. All the members of the brigade are working at the problems on space navigation.

12. Generators are usually removed and serviced in the man­ner spoken of before.

13. The new instrument being developed at this plant will be tested in two weeks.

14. The basic circuit of the device having been built by us is described in detail in this article.

15. When a varying plate current flows through a coil there is a varying magnetic field causing self-induction.

Упражнение 11. Выберите предложения, в которых причастие вы­полняет функцию обстоятельства, определите форму при­частия и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. All electrical conductors dissipate heat when carrying current.

2. In many maps and charts the lines representing latitude and longitude are represented by straight lines.

3. Each element exists in a number of varieties called iso­topes, having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

4. Having been tested the new apparatus was recommended for work in all the laboratories.

5. A piece of ice will melt if thrown into water.

6. If heated, magnetized steel will lose its magnetism.

7. Rubber-covered wire with no fabric cover is usually sat­isfactory, but the formation of ozone will cause rapid deterioration of the wire.

8. When first exhibited at the exposition, the telephone at­tracted very little attention and was even ridiculed.

9. Following the completion of the flight it was announced that unlike previous spacecraft Luna 15 had the ability to land in one of a number of selected areas.

10. The atmospheric effects are partially responsible for a new field often referred to as microwave meteorology.

11. Having made a great number of experiments with differ­ent substances the chemists found that most of them could be decomposed into other substances.

12. When inspecting the apparatus great precaution must be taken not to touch the relay itself but only to watch its operation.

13. Having been seen in action the device was greatly modi­fied.

14. The tachometer is used in aircraft to indicate the number of revolutions per minute being made by the engine shaft.

15. Being designed by a talented scientific worker the de­vice was a success.

16. Having selected the message type the operator must inform the scanner that a message is ready.

Упражнение 12. Определите функцию слов с суффиксом -ей в сле­дующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Every conducting circuit has a certain property called its electric resistance.

2. It was Lenz who proved that the heat produced in a giv­en time is proportional to the square of the current.

3. Ice placed in a kettle over a fire expanded a little and melted.

4. The power expended on a circuit is measured by the prod­uct of the amperes generated in it and the potential difference in volts at the ends of that circuit.

5. Everybody knows that the sun is the origin source of all the energy stored in fuels.

6. The Centigrade scale is the official scale of temperature used in the Soviet Union.

7. The atmospheric effects are partially responsible for a new field often referred to as microwave meteorology.

8. All the tests made on the prototype model showed that improvements could be made which lead to the design of the device described here.

9. The experiments were conducted in the orbital module with control panel located in the new cabin.

10. A drive mechanism fitted in the top end of the center body rotated the solar panels.

Упражнение 13. Определите функцию и форму причастия в следу­ющих предложениях и переведите предложения на русский язык.

11. X-rays are produced when matter is bombarded by a fast moving stream of negatively charged particles.

12. The model being shown to us now has been made by one of the best specialists of our plant.

13. A vacuum tube is a device consisting of a number of electrodes contained within an evacuated enclosure.

14. A body at rest remains at rest unless acted upon by an external force.

15. When describing standard telephones we say that addi­tional microphone position can of course be arranged if required.

16. The degree of success obtained when estimating the weight of a new design depends largely on experience com­bined with data on previous airplanes and a knowledge of the proposed type of construction.

17. The method chosen in any particular design of automatic pilot depends mostly upon the primary controlling ele­ments chosen.

18. Under the control of the computer described the charac­ters forming the message will then be collected at a time and sent to the computer.

19. The force referred to is an elastic restoring force brought into play whenever a body is distorted from its normal shape.

20. When released the body will vibrate about its equilibrium position.

21. Having left aside, for a moment, the question of collision with meteor showers we must now turn to the calculation of meteor masses from the observed meteor magnitude.

22. Having been given all the instructions the engineer start­ed his work at once taking into account all the points of the received instruction.

Упражнение 14. Найдите независимый причастный оборот, определите форму причастия и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The speed being higher, the degree of ionization along the track increases.

2. The speed of the particle is also a factor affecting the ionization density.

3. On an average night a single observer probably sees about eight meteors every hour, the hourly rate depend­ing somewhat upon the time of night and the season of the year.

4. It was calculated that for a considerable part of its or­bit the first satellite would be travelling at the altitude up to 800 miles, with the air resistance being complete­ly negligible.

5. Many servomechanisms and regulators are composed es­sentially of a number of control elements connected in series, the output of one used as the input to the next.

6. The code output of the computer is fed to a set of elec­tromagnets, each pair of output wires connected to a sep­arate magnet.

7. If a stream consisting of particles had both signs of charge in equal quantity the electrical repulsion effect is neutralized.

8. Charged particles like electromagnetic waves are also affected by magnetic fields, the magnetic field of the Earth having a marked influence on a stream ap­proaching it.

9. The particle has just sufficient speed to escape from the Earth, with its path being a parabola.

10. The sun is a source of a great variety of radiations, many of which producing important effects on the earth's atmosphere.

11. The proper conditions created, we could study the par­ticles possessing tremendous energy.

12. When connected to a pump, the piston will be displaced against spring pressure and will remain at a new posi­tion.

13. If the network has several voltage sources, each branch current is composed of several component currents, each component produced by one of the individual voltage sources.

Упражнение 15. Подчеркните независимый причастный оборот, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There being no other traffic, the driver can maintain a constant speed of, say, 60 km/hr (kilometers per hour).

2. Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy of the cell battery is transformed into electric energy.

3. The water leaves the wheel with a large relative velocity but a small absolute velocity, practically all its original energy having been given to the wheel.

4. The cyclotron may be regarded as a modification of the linear accelerator, the particles being transferred from one to the other at the proper instants by the action of a magnetic field.

5. The positive pole having been brought near the negative pole, the latter attracts it.

6. Two bodies having potentials of 100 volts and 50 volts, a potential difference exists between them of 50 volts.

7. The current distribution over the cross section of the con­ductor being non-uniform, the resistance increases.

8. The travelled distance having been given in meters and the time in seconds, speed was measured in m.p.s., that is, in meters per second.

Упражнение 16. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When there are по forces pulling or pushing a body that body must always be in equilibrium.

2. The individual forces acting on an airplane in flight are generally replaced by the resultant force.

3. When rubbing a glass rod with a piece of silk, you de­velop a large difference of potential.

4. Two bodies being placed in contact with each other, the temperature of the hot body falls, while that of the cold one rises.

5. Class A insulation is the most common in industrial equipment, class В and class С being used rather sel­dom.

6. When inspecting relays great precaution should be taken not to touch the relay itself but only to watch its op­eration.

7. The critical point is that point on the course which un­der existing conditions is equally distant from the point of departure and desired destination.

8. Having defined two units of power, the horsepower and the kilowatt, we may use these to define two new units of work, the horsepower-hour and the kilowatt-hour.

9. An altimeter contains a vacuum box of corrugated metal, one side of the box being fixed, while the other side presses against a spring bar which is able through a system of levers to move the indicator needle.

10. In order to make calculations of power when using alter­nating current, some definite current and voltage values must be chosen.

11. Operating characteristics of high-vacuum tubes are usu­ally given in graphical form, the plate-characteristic curves being the most common.

12. Members of the delegations were given the opportunity to acquaint themselves with the scientific research being carried on in the Soviet Union in the peaceful uses of atomic energy, and with functioning nuclear reactors ana accelerators of elementary particles.

13. The great majority of transformers are built with iron cores, the outstanding exception being air-core transform­ers for use at high frequencies beyond the audio range.

14. Owing to wind effects, an aircraft travelling on a course of, say, 0.40° is not necessarily travelling over the ground in that direction, because it may be blown side­ways and drift away from the course.

Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When subjected to alternating magnetization, the loop is traversed once for every cycle of the current, and so the energy wasted per second is proportional to the fre­quency.

2. The gas mixture produced by the carburetor is of no value unless it is ignited, and gas ignited quickly pro­duces more force if first compressed.

3. Relays, if improperly designed or cared for, may give far more trouble than any other part of the electrical and radio circuits.

4. The forces of wing ribs applied to the spar are concen­trated.

5. This process is carried out until the small cylinder is brought up to its proper pressure as determined by a gauge.

6. The booster is usually a coil which has a vibrating con­tactor and produces high voltage when connected to a battery.

7. The voltage induced in a winding located in a magnetic field was investigated experimentally by Faraday.

8. If the network has several voltage sources, each branch current is composed of several component currents, each component produced by one of the individual voltage sources.

9. Poles of two fixed magnets placed together, the magnets may move apart, when released, but the energy repre­sented is a return of part of the energy originally re­quired to bring them together.

10. The work of an air-speed indicator is based on the dif­ference between the pressure exerted by moving air and the pressure which is at a standstill.

11. When reading a map an airman must be able to inter­pret the map from the landsman's point of view; he must understand the conventional signs that are the spe­cial knowledge of the seaman; and he must recognize those things as they appear to him when seen from an aircraft travelling at high speed through great range of altitude.

12. The charged particles gradually pick up speed, revolving in a closed curve along a circular vacuum chamber in the magnetic field of a giant electromagnet. 13. The motor designed according to the scheme discussed above, the speed of rotation of the armature is propor­tional to the rate at which energy passes through the meter to the consumer.

Упражнение 18. Определите форму и функцию причастий в тексте и переведите его на русский язык.

The example of motion with constant acceleration often mentioned is the example of a body falling towards the earth. The air resistance being absent, it is found that all bodies regardless of their size or weight, fall with the same accel­eration at the same point on the earth's surface and if the distance covered is not too great the acceleration remains constant through the fall. This ideal motion described is spo­ken of as free fall. The acceleration of a freely falling body denoted by the letter g is called the acceleration due to gravity, or the acceleration of gravity.

Д о п о л н и т е л ь н ы е т е к ст ы