Unit 11

Причастие и причастные обороты. Сложные формы причастия, их функции и способы перевода. Обстоятельственные причастные обороты с предлогами, способы их перевода на русский язык (обобщение). Причастные обороты. Оборот «объектный падеж с причастием». Самостоятельный причастный оборот. Перевод конструкций причастие в составе сказуемого особого типа с союзом as и без него. Оборот { As as offered + by Обособленный причастный оборот, его состав и дополнительные сведения, сложные формы причастия в составе оборота. Слова there, one, each в качестве подлежащего оборота. Оборот с предлогом with, его место в предложении, способы перевода. Причастия в функции союзов и предлогов.

tEXT

There are in general use today four different temperature scales. These are the Fahrenheit, Rankine, Centigrade and Kelvin or absolute. On the Fahrenheit scale the boiling point of water is fixed at 212°, its freezing point is 32°. The equivalent points on the Centigrade (sometimes called Celsius) scale are 100° and 0°, on the Rankine scale 672° and 492° and on the absolute scale temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade from the point at which molecular motion ceases. Absolute zero is -273.15° C.

The thermometers are all identically made but each has a different scale. In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is commonly used in civil life, and the Rankine scale by engineers. The Centigrade and Kelvin scales are used in all countries for scientific measurements.

It is frequently necessary to change temperature readings from one temperature scale to another.

Fahrenheit reading = 9/5 x Centigrade reading + 32 and Centigrade reading = (Fahrenheit reading-32) x 5/9.

There are formulas for such changes:

F° = 32°+9/5 C° C° = 5/9(F°-32°)

32°F = 0°C 5°F = 18°C (room temperature)

T°K = t°C+273°

To change the Fahrenheit (or Rankine) scale into the Kelvin scale, the Fahrenheit scale is changed to the Centigrade scale and then to Kelvin.

F-C-K K-C-K

The first and still most widely used hotness measuring instrument is the simple "liquid-in-glass" thermometer. The volume of liquid expands when hot so that increasing hotness is indicated by extension of the column of liquid (mercury or alcohol) in the glass stem of thermometer. The stem has a very narrow uniform bore or capillary which is sealed at the "top" end. The space above the liquid is evacuated. At the "lower" end of the stem the capillary connects to the bulb or reservoir of liquid. This bulb is placed in contact with the sample.

The common thermometer uses a liquid as an agent to measure temperature and retains the liquid in a glass bulb. But if it is necessary to measure very low or very high temperatures, other than mercury thermometers must be employed. At temperatures below - 39°C, mercury freezes and becomes a solid; at high temperatures glass melts and becomes a liquid. For both of these temperature extremes, electrical thermometers are commonly used. These instruments operate upon the principle that the resistance a wire offers to a flow of electric current through it changes with temperature. The higher temperature, the greater is the resistance.

In a diagram of an electrical thermometer called a thermocouple is illustrated. This temperature recording device is based upon a principle, discovered in 1821, known as the thermoelectric effect. Two pieces of a wire, one copper and one iron are joined together at the ends to form a complete loop. When one junction is heated and the other is kept cool, an electric current flows around the loop in the direction indicated by the arrows. The greater the difference in temperature between the two junctions, the greater is the electric current.

Diagram represents a thermocouple connected by wires to an ammeter. If the junction of the thermocouple is first placed in melting ice and then in boiling water, the two scale readings of the ammeter can be marked 0°C and 100°C at the appropriate points. These determine the scale of the instrument.

Thermocouples are not always made of copper and iron. Any two different metals when brought into contact will exhibit a thermoelectric effect. For every high temperature measurements, platinum and platinum-iridium alloys are used, because of their very high melting point temperatures.

A set of thermocouples, when connected, form what is commonly called a thermopile. Thermocouples containing several hundred elements can be made so sensitive that they will detect the heat of a candle flame several hundred feet away.

С л о в о о б р а з о в а н и е

Упражнение 1. Переведите и запомните однокоренные слова.

1. Different – differ – difference – differentiation – differentia – differentiability - differentiable

2. Equivalent – equivalence – equivalency

3. Identify – identical – identifiability – identic – identical – identically – identifiable – identifiably

4. Science – scientific – sciential – scientist – scientism

5. Measure – measurement – measurable – measurability – measurably – measurand – measurableness

6. Hot – hotness – hotly

7. Extent – extension – extentable

8. Sense – sensitive – sensation – sensational – sensationally

9. Absolute – absolutely – absoluteness

10. Molecule – molecular – molecularity

11. Evacuate – evacuable – evacuation

12. Retain – retainer – retaining – retained

13. Freeze – freezant – freezer

14. Indicate – indicant – indication – indicative – indicator

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания.

Different of number Differentiability property Differentiable family	Equivalent circuit Equivalent congruence Equivalence of propositions Equivalence relation
Identification byte Identical trials Identically false	Science intensive Science of numbers Scientific achievement Scientific and technological advance Scientific facility
Measure of accuracy Measure against Measure an angle Measurable correspondence Measurability theorem	Hot adhesive Hot air Hot cargo
Extent lock Extent of deformation Extentable filter	Sense byte Sensitive altimeter Sensitive film
Absolute circuit Absolute constant Absolute cone Absolute conic	Molecule of mercury Molecular adhesion Molecular chain Molecular clock
Evacuation air from Evacuation rate Evacuation drill Evacuation of water	Retain charge Retain screw Retaining band
Freeze down Freezer storage Due to freezant	Indicate error Indication range Indication data Indicator console (light, ion, set)

Л е к с и ч е с к и е у п р а ж н е н и я

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения. Запомните значение выделенных слов.

general (n, adj)

1. With the general number of balls of the external ring equal to N, the central cells are placed after every N/n balls, where n is the number of supports.

2. Anyone who can guess the minds of ordinary generals, as I can guess the minds of the slaves, can win battles.

scale (n, v), scales (n)

1. Detachable packaging (a polyethylene bad, etc.) is fixed to the storage and placed on floor scales .

2. After the packaging is filled to certain weight fixed by floor scales, storage is closed with gate while the packaging is replaced.

3. It's also foreseen that the cartridges, threaded bars, and sliders are supplied with a metric scale, a degree scale on the butt of the external ring , and a landmark sign — on the surface of the ducted bolt.

4. On the other hand, if the expansion time scale were somehow lengthened, the only effect would be that more neutrons would decay into protons before nucleosynthesis occurs, so that less helium would be produced.

boil (v), boiling (a)

1. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min, further for 1 hour at room temperature and more hour while boiling the reaction mixture.

2. The reaction mixture was boiled for 5 hours, then K2C03 was filtered off, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure.

3. Since AT > 0, the boiling point of the solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.

4. The boiling point of mercury is 630°K.

equivalent (n, a), equivalence (n)

1. If this equivalent corresponds with the specified precision to the spherical equivalent calculated according to the measured displacement of the diffuser, the instrument is considered functional.

2. Body armour, and specially designed components therefor, not manufactured to military standards or specifications, nor to their equivalents in performance.

3. This is clearly an equivalence relation in the set of solutions.

absolute (n, a)

1. However, it will also pick up internal links using absolute rather than relative URLs.

2. High absolute (value) of electronic polarization is required.

mercury (n)

1. Zinc has no oxidation rate exceeding 2+, but like cadmium and mercury, it does not belong to the elements of main subgroups of Mendeleev's chart.

2. Table 1 shows maximum values of the relative differential cross section of absorption for different isotope composition of mercury in the source of radiation obtained by calculation.

alcohol (n)

1. If the reaction between trialkylboranes and carbon monoxide is carried out in the presence of water followed by addition of NaOH, the product is a secondary alcohol.

2. In addition, 20 ml alcohol solution of the soya phospholipid were added to a rotary evaporator. The alcohol was distilled. The mixture of soya and sunflower seed oil in the ratio 1:1 as adjuvant was added thereto.

bore (n, v)

1. In the well bore fracturing fluid is pumped in, the fluid generally is a water-based high-viscosity fluid.

2. For a free flight of a bullet the diameter of the starting part bore is larger than the barrel bore caliber.

3. In order to bore a well, one should know the technique of boring.

capillary (n, a)

1. After the completion of capillary washing a dozing injection of selected sample is made into capillary.

2. This differential equation establishes relationship between water content in the intercellular substance of the capillary dermal layer (the papillary layer) and water content in the superficial epidermal corneous layer.

seal (n, v)

1. The company has a round seal which bears its full trade name and company location in the Russian language.

2. Due to its condensation within the cold lower portion of the cavity between these walls, a liquid seal is formed which prevents vapor from leaving the reaction zone any more.

3. When the elections are over, the voting machine is sealed and transferred to the Central Election Polling Station.

evacuate (v), evacuation (n)

1. With this mechanical device one can evacuate water from the well any time.

2. The evacuation of water from the foundation pit for this building should be started as soon as possible.

retain (v), retainer (n)

1. There are open-position locks that can releasably fix the receptacle in an open state. They can retain the sliders in the position wherein the aperture of embracing portions allows free passage of the plug ferrules.

2. Then, a retainer having a plate or volume shape is secured at a free end of the needle.

3. To retain orientation while making an underwater shot the shooter should move forward or rest against an obstacle due to imitation of forward motion by use of feet (flippers).

employ (n, v)

1. It is estimated that 70 per cent of staff in the Professional and Field Service categories will be employed as Mission appointees.

2. However, these systems employ non-linear techniques of synchronization.

3. This is a crude form of load balancing that you might employ if a single server becomes overburdened.

loop (v, n)

1. One of the epithets given Mars by the ancient Egyptians was “sekded-ef em khetkhet”, which means “who travels backwards,” a clear reference to its retrograde or loop-the-loop apparent motion.

2. I propose for it the term sigma-loop, shortened into a-loop.

3. The extra code after the while loop is needed when count is odd and the loop has one iteration left after the loop terminates.

4. Here's the same loop with more readable loop variable names.

5. The peripheral barrier can be made of a constructive element going above the upper surface of the microchip and forming a closed loop so that the insulating liquid should be contained in this loop in the process of the PCR.

junction (n)

1. If sealed at both ends by heating and mechanical pressure the sleeves make a reliable mechanical junction between neighbouring toroidal pneumatic cells.

2. In all converter designs comprising a conventional diode configuration, a p-n-junction is usually created in the form of either a continuous acceptor region or one donor region.

3. The p-n-junction 8b formed by the regions 3 and 8 forms a diode for increasing the open-circuit voltage of the converter.

arrow (n)

1. Above them an inset light shaped like an arrow glowed red; the arrow pointed downwards.

2. This causes the final arrow to be shorter than the main arrow, indicating that the probability of a photon going through partially opaque glass is smaller than through transparent glass.

candle (n, v)

1. A candle is a stick-shaped piece of wax with a wick in the middle of it that produces light as it slowly burns.

2. Luminous intensity, candlepower, is expressed in units of candles or candelas.

3. He couldn’t understand, what was there in that box, so he decided to candle it.

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и е у п р а ж н е н и я

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, содержащие причастия в функции обстоятельства.

1. The study of falling objects is an excellent way to learn about the basic laws of motion.

2. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of oxygen with mass numbers 16, 17 and 18.

3. Beta-particles are simply fast moving electrons.

4. An acceleration of a body moving with constant speed along a curve is V²/R.

5. In the previous section we obtained some general expressions concerning an elliptical orbit.

6. The earth is like a big battery, continuously losing electrons to the atmosphere.

7. The earth is a planet - that is to say, a non-luminous body circling around the Sun.

7. The radio emission from the corona has a wave-length much longer than that coming from the bright surface of the Sun.

8. Meteors are not, in themselves, "cosmic dust". The object felling is a solid piece of stone or iron, often weighing many kilograms.

9. Most theorists believe that a quasar is a small disk of hot gases surrounding a black hole that is over a billion times more massive than the Sun.

10. The quantity of water flowing is inversely proportional to the length of the pipe.

11. Using modern standards, the mass of proton is 1.007825.

12. When launching a satellite, it is possible to utilize the rotation of the earth to increase the velocity of launching.

13. The neutron does not require high speed to penetrate the material, and, in feet, can do it when moving very slowly.

14. Going to the Moon, the Apollo spacecraft attained speed of 25,000 miles per hour.

15. In this chapter we shall consider thermal phenomena, leaving the discussion of its nature for the next chapter.

16. The depth of the troposphere varies with seasons, being slightly greater in summer.

17. These days, many anthropologists believe that modem humans originated in sub-Saharan Africa, from where they moved to the rest of the world, replacing exiting, more archaic populations.

18. When comparing the original and fed-back signals we are interested in the difference between them - we want to subtract one from the other.

19. Electronic engineers employ two approaches when making oscillators.

20. We must keep in mind this limited range of applicability of the classical concepts while using them.

21. Surface brightness is one of the most important properties we have to consider when dealing with galaxies.

22. While ignoring many of the details of the system, chaos theory can make detailed predictions about how it can and cannot behave.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот.

1. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.

2. Magnetization of the iron affects only the magnetic fields around the iron atoms, the nuclei remaining the same.

3. The muon differs from the electron in one aspect; the muon is unstable, its life on the average being 2.2 microseconds.

4. The theme of this volume being the life sciences, the topics clearly go beyond those of the usual biology.

5. Lower atmosphere is a mechanical mixture of discrete gases, each having its individual physical properties and each exerting its own partial pressure.

6. Heat radiation contains a large number of wavelengths, the average value of the wavelength depending of the temperature on the radiating surface.

7. The Stern's theory of a multitude of ice dwarfs, the smallest being most common, can account well for the cosmic smash.

8. In a crystal structure, all other things being equal, lattice energy is highest when the ions are smallest and therefore closest together.

9. Extended operation in space being a design goal, special attention was given to reliability problems.

10. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathematics, its distinction being, in feet of recent origin.

11. Antineutrinos being a window on the Earth interior, they carry information about radioactive elements in the Earth.

12. The distinction between chaotic and non-chaotic behaviour is well illustrated by the case of the spherical pendulum, this being a pendulum free to swing in two directions.

13. Niels Bohr suggested that the laws describing the behaviour of moving charges in ordinary electric circuits are not applicable to atoms.

14. The moving muons have lifetimes almost 16 times longer than those at rest.

15. Water vapour is always present in varying amounts from practically 0 % by volume in the extreme polar and dust regions to 4% in the warm tropics.

Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие причастие II (Participle II).

1. The simplest case of accelerated motion occurs when the acceleration is constant.

2. The attractive force of the atom's negatively charged electrons quickly stops the positively charged protons.

3. The e. m. force of all commonly used cells lies between one and two volts.

4. The orbits of the planets lie in nearly the same plane defined by the earth's orbit around the sun (Pluto is an exception to this).

5. Consider a particle launched with speed V when it is at a distance R from a centre of force.

6. The thrust of a rocket is the product of the mass ejected in one second times its ejection velocity.

7. The amount of work done in any instance depends partly on the magnitude of the force applied.

Упражнение 7. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на причастие в различных функциях.