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Войсковая часть 33965

Английский язык

Английский язык

для 3 семестра факультетов ИКСИ

Часть III

Учебно-методическое пособие

Составители:

Мирошник Е.К.

Романова Е.В.

Солдатова О.С.

Сорокина Е.А.

Афтаева Е.В.

УК №

Москва 2014

Всего пронумеровано 188 стр.

Подписано к печати …..

Авт. л. …. Усл. печ. л. ….

Заказ № …… Тираж экз.

Себестоимость экземпляра …

Типография в.ч 33965

Оглавление

UNIT 9 5

Unit 10 30

Unit 11 72

Unit 12 105

UNIT 13 131

3. Large-Scale Problem: 165

Our Broken Global Food System 165

Предисловие

«Английский язык для факультетов ИКСИ» представляет собой учебно-методическое пособие, предназначеное для обучения слушателей 2 курса переводу научно-технической литературы.

Целью УМП является развитие навыков перевода на основе изучения лексики и грамматических конструкций, характерных для научно-технической литературы.

Часть III включает в себя уроки с 9 по 13. Каждый урок умп содержит:

1. Основной текст для перевода с английского языка на русский.

2. Упражнения на решение словообразовательных, лексических и грамматических задач.

3. Дополнительные тексты для перевода.

4. Поурочные разработки лексики, предназначенной для усвоения.

Учебно-методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с тематическим планом изучения учебной дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский)» со слушателями факультетов ИКСИ.

UNIT 9

Грамматика: Имя Существительное. Приложение, особенности его передачи на русский язык. Построение многочленной атрибутивной группы. Опознание такой группы в предложении. Префиксы anti-, co-, counter-, inter-, mis-, mal, non-, out-, over-, semi-, under-. Суффиксы существительных - age, -cy, -dom, -al, -ant, -hood, -ship, -ing. Перевод производных слов по значению знакомого корня и словообразовательных элементов. Текст: Radio

RADIO

Radio is a system of communication employing electromagnetic waves propagating through space. Because of their varying characteristics, radio waves of different lengths are employed for different purposes. Radio waves are usually identified by their frequency. The shortest waves have the highest frequency, or number of cycles per second; the longest waves have the lowest frequency, or fewest cycles per second. In honour of Heinrich Hertz, the German radio pioneer, his name was given to the cycle per second (hertz, Hz). Since electromagnetic waves in a uniform atmosphere travel in straight lines and the earth's surface is approximately spherical, long-distance radio communication is made possible by the reflection of radio waves from the ionosphere. Radio waves shorter than about 10 m in wavelength - very high, ultrahigh, and super high frequencies - are usually not reflected by the ionosphere; thus, in normal practice, such very short waves are received only within line-of-sight distances. A typical radio communication system has two main components, a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter generates electrical oscillations at a radio frequency called the carrier frequency. Either the amplitude or the frequency may be modulated to vary the carrier wave. An amplitude-modulated signal consist of the carrier frequency plus two sidebands resulting from the modulation. Frequency modulation produces more than one pair of sidebands for each modulated frequency. They produce complex variations than emerge as speech in radio broadcasting, and in alterations of flight and darkness in television broadcasting. Components of a radio transmitter include: an oscillation generator for converting commercial electric power into oscillations of a radio frequency; amplifiers for increasing the intensity of these oscillations while retaining the desired frequency; a transducer for converting the information into a varying electrical voltage proportional to each successive instantaneous intensity. For sound transmission a microphone is the transducer; for picture transmission the transducer is a photoelectric device. Other important components of the radio transmitter are the modulator and the antenna. Every antenna has some directional properties, that is, it radiates more energy in some directions than in the others. But the antenna can be modified so that the radiation pattern of the antenna will vary from a comparatively narrow beam to a comparatively even distribution in all directions. The latter type of radiation is employed in broadcasting. In a typical broadcasting station the carrier frequency is generated by a carefully controlled quartz-crystal oscillator. The oscillations are generated at low power by an election tube and are amplified in a series of power amplifier that act as buffers to prevent interaction of the oscillator with the other components of the transmitter, because such interaction would alter the frequency. The simplest form of modulation is keying - interrupting the carrier wave at intervals with a key or switch used to form dots and dashes in continuous-wave radiotelegraphy. The carrier wave may also be modulated by varying the amplitude, or strength of the wave in accordance with the variation of frequency and intensity of a sound signal, such as a musical note. This form of modulation, AM (amplitude modulation), is used in many radiotelephony services including standard radiobroadcasts. In frequency modulation (FM) the frequency of the carrier wave is varied within a fixed range at a rate corresponding to the frequency of a sound signal. FM broadcasting is done on high-frequency bands (88 to 108 MHz), which have a limited reception range

С л о в о о б р а з о в а н и е

Упражнение 1. Объясните значение суффиксов существительных. Переведите существительные:

marriage, acreage, herbage, harbourage, breakage, percentage, passage, drainage, leakage, package, storage, shortage, message, voltage, kingdom, freedom, boredom, wisdom, officialdom, childhood, sainthood, brotherhood, neighborhood, priesthood, captainship, draftsmanship, comradeship, citizenship, leadership, partnership, membership, ownership, assistant, student, consultant, contestant, refrigerant, servant, accountant, combatant, participant, democracy, expectancy, vacancy, policy, accuracy, infancy, supremacy, tendency, reading, boiling, cooking, building, meeting, engineering, heating, ventilating, mining, approval, arrival, refusal, triennial, millesimal, removal.

Упражнение 2. Объясните значение префиксов существительных. Переведите существительные:

overestimate, overvalue, overloading, overcharge, oversimplification, overrate, overreach, overpressure, overspeed, overproduction, overheat, overactivity, overgrowth, interconnection, interchange, interaction, interstice, intercross, intercommunication, interaction, interplay, intercalation, interconversion, interconnection, underestimate, underplanting, underpay, undervalue, underload, undercharge, countermeasure, counterforce, countercurrent, counterbalance, counterpart, counterproof, counterattack, counterposition, counterflow, counteroffer, antifascist, antipoison, antifreeze, antiseptic, anti-aircraft, anti-clockwise, anticyclone, co-existence, co-founder, co-author, co-operative, co -operation, co-worker, co-creditor, misunderstanding, misconception, misinterpretation, mismatch, misleading, misusage, misbelieve, misfortune, misuser, mistrust, misprint, misadjustment, semiconductor, semicolon, semi-circle, semi-basement, semifinal, non-conductor, non-smoker, non-stop, non-violence, nonsense, non-entity, output, outpatient, outclass, outgrow, outside.

Л е к с и ч е с к и е у п р а ж н е н и я

adjust (v), adjustable (adj)

1. In most cases, district heating companies install heat meters over several years, a period during which the regulator should carefully review costs and gradually adjust tariffs.

2. You can also use layer adjustments to adjust the hue and saturation, change the brightness and constant, and add some noise.

3. When changing the sample volumes, adjust both the timing and vacuum controls.

4.The piston can be self-adjustable.

5. The mass m is again the adjustable parameter.

6. The "program" is mechanically limited by fixed, but adjustable, stops such as pins or cams.

alter (v), alteration (n)

1. Such a rearrangement of the distribution of electrons does not alter the self-consistent periodic potential in which they move.

2. You will slightly alter the form.html page to accept a URL and a description.

3. To create a new form, load the script in a tool such as Microsoft Front Page and alter or add the necessary controls to the form.

4. This alteration takes two forms, which are different enough to talk about separately.

5. All two invitation mentioned above require considerable alteration of patch panels.

6. The spring being at the same time grasped in a pair of pincers, so as to admit of any alteration in length of the vibrating portion.

carrier (n)

1. Satellites are mounted on axes of a carrier.

2. Three of the carries cables were empty, but on two the trolley was hauled up.

comparatively (adj), compare (v)

1. It is a comparatively new one to ethologists.

2. All the grounds are paved with bricks, they gave us comparatively little trouble.

3. It was a comparatively small room and simply though elegantly furnished.

4. Did he compare me to the statue of the commander.

5. How can people compare her with Emerson?

6. How do the results compare to the thresholds?

contain (v), container (n)

1. The active layer in the proposed HS does not contain sub layers and can be at least one.

2. When a column contain no value, it is said to contain a NULL value.

3. Such a bargain must contain two elements.

4. Each additional wheel 4 could have its own means 6 for fastening to the container.

5. Into a calorimeter Joule placed a container having two chambers, A and B, connected by a tube.

6. The container 3 and the value 7 close the opening 6 of the container 3.

desire (v), desirable (adj)

1. That is my one, my only desire.

2. He was a homebody, happy with the people and places he knew, with no particular desire to see any others.

3. She could not resist the desire to make something more of this.

4. It would be therefore be desirable to create a UN Brigade training unit.

5. Hence, a full banking license is desirable.

6. Besides, the piston is not desirable to be made too thick.

eliminate (v)

1. Iraq has declared all its proscribed programmers and taken the necessary steps to eliminate them.

2. De-worming treatments eliminate an impediment to healthy nutrition.

3. Consequently, it is practically impossible to eliminate them entirely.

emerge (v)

1. The system did not emerge instantly.

2. Only at the end of the biennium did that growth begin to emerge.

3. Such a strategy cannot simply emerge as a byproduct of US military campaigns.

employ (v), employment (n)

1. However, these systems employ non-linear techniques of synchronization

2. Components based on FLASH can employ a variety of architectures.

3. Art was employed for the display of religious facts.

4. The employment of two illuminators positioned symmetrically enhances light uniformity and power.

5. The soldiers and officers of the Brigade will need to have UN employee status with individual employment contracts which reflect this.

explore (v), exploration (n)

1. I am going to explore up this other road a little way.

2. In this exercise, we will explore an example of the recursive-function notation.

3. Let's explore what the working Ajax programmer stands to gain from refactoring.

4. Future astronauts will use it to locate resources, possibly including water, that can support exploration of the moon and beyond.

5. The company's basic activity is oil and gas field exploration and development, oil and natural gas production.

6. The instruments on the spaceship indicated that the earth's temperature had risen since their last exploration three years earlier.

intense (adj), intensity (n)

1.The reduction of the M2 velocity may be less intense than in 2005.

2. The greater the local mass, the more intense the local gravity, and the more severe the pucker, distortion or warp of space.

3. The intensity of the current is measured by means of an electromagnetic amplifier BK 2-16.

4. At S we have a source that emits light of one color at very low intensity (let's use red light again).

Г р а м м а т и ч е с к и е у п р а ж н е н и я

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, используя правило ряда.

1. Argument force rather than force argument should dominate.

2. The class of regulators can be thought of as composed of three parts: a parameter estimator, linear controller and a block which determines the controller parameters.

3. They have used the conventional crystal growth method.

4. Here frequency dependent rate equations are applicable.

5. The approach is used for time and money saving purposes.

6. A cell growth rate increase has been observed.

7. They have constructed a gas-filled high pressure cell.

8. Such integrity has been achieved by a combination of manual and computer based controls.

9. An integrated absorption area value of all methyl groups is reasonably good.

10. Straumanis has built an elaborate temperature-control system.

11. They have used the temperature controlled system.

12. The uptake of oxygen is the rate-determining step of the reaction.

13. Procedure-oriented languages are usually related to a class of problem types.

14. They had a tendency to a risk prone behavior.

15. The remaining concern is to take into account varying demand rates and cost variables.

16. The research teem developed a new kind of information receiving system.

17. They presented the mass of data necessary for effective land use planning.

18. The cold light source lamps operate at low power levels.

19. Cocyclization of II produced a completely different product water heaters have been provided.

20. Two additional large centrifugal type heat pump water heaters have been provided.

21. The logic device produces a specific type signal for specific sensor state.

22. There is a vast controversy-filled literature on the problem.

Упражнение 2. Дайте русские эквиваленты (используя дословный перевод).

rectifying contact, four-layer diode, directly heated metallic filament, vector diagram, tow-speed motor, valve electric drive, multispeed electric drive, light waves.

Упражнение 3. Дайте русские эквиваленты (используя родительный падеж).

excitation system, transformer core, low-speed region, rated voltage supply, direct-current drive, variable speed alternating current motor, water chemical treatment, auto-transformer starting system, discharging process.

Упражнение 4. Дайте русские эквиваленты (используя различные предлоги при переводе).

direct-writing recorder, short-circuit protection, overload protection, high-resistivity material, corona loss, overvoltage protection circuit.

Упражнение 5. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим терминам-словосочетаниям, в определенный компонент которых входит причастие.

current registing device, coal-fed station, air-cooled engine, steam pressure measuring instrument, steam-and-water circulating tubes, electrically driven machine, motor-operated rheostat, satellite-carrying rocket, Russian-made laser equipment.

Упражнение 6. Дайте русские эквиваленты (при переводе помните, что последующая группа слов или одно слово не всегда является определением к соседнему слову или группе слов, стоящих от него справа. Оно может быть определением к основному слову группы).

excessive motor heating, automatic speed control, modern voltage regulating scheme, 30 small-sized dry cells, transistor temperature sensor, automatic feed water regulator, high boiler water level, certain laser properties.

Упражнение 7. Переведите следующие многокомпонентные термины-словосочетания. Помните, что перевод таких терминов обычно начинается с существительного, которое является основным компонентом, а затем переводят каждое слово или смысловую группу, чаще всего справа налево.

first man-made earth satellite, three-speed single-winding squirrel-cage induction motor, three-speed single-winding squirrel-cage induction motor, three-phase single-voltage star-connected motor, two-furnace gas-and-oil burning boiler, average-sized coal-burning power station, modern voltage regulation system, high-speed passenger-carrying airplanes, battery-powered electrical car, multichannel laser telephone system.

Упражнение 8. Переведите следующие группы слов, содержащие прилагательные, употребляемые в качестве правого определения. (Помните, что прилагательные, не имеющие пояснительных слов, при переводе можно поставить перед существительным. Прилагательные, имеющие пояснительные слова, переводятся придаточным определительным предложением.

1. the model available is......

2. the model available for the test is........

3. the amount of radiation present influences........

4. the amount of radiation present in the atmosphere shows......

5. any changes necessary must be made.......

6. the high speed possible is obtained.....

7. the molecules free to vibrate are.....

8. the layers close to the earth are influenced by...

Упражнение 9. Переведите следующие группы слов, содержащие в качестве правого определения словосочетания существительных с предлогом.

1. the method in use is...

2. the program under development was....

3 the aircraft now in service was constructed...

4. the types of power plant in existence satisfy...

5. any speed indicator now in operation possesses...

Упражнение 10. Найдите слова, выполняющие функцию правого определения. Переведите.

1. The scales in common use today are Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Centigrade.

2. The voltage of the generator in operation tends to charge when the load changes.

3. The device in question is the one considered in the previous chapter.

4. The material for the report has been derived from the recent sources available.

5. Most laboratories have small machines of various kinds available for demonstration purposes.

6. There are several components common to most turbine engines.

7. The majority of the regulators now in use operate on this principle.

8. Lodygin was not only the inventor of the lamp under consideration but also the first scientist to use it for lighting purposes.

Упражнение 11. Прочтите, найдите многокомпонентные термины-словосочетания, переведите. Помните, что основное слово стоит последним в ряду слов, между которыми нет ни артикля, ни предлога. За основным словом может стоять предлог, причастие, прилагательное, инфинитив, артикль, или союзное слово, имеющее значение "который".

1. There are several types of pressure sensitive measuring devices which are in use today.

2. On April 12, 1961, in the USSR the world's first satellite spaceship "Vostok", with a man on board, was put into orbit round the Earth.

3. The three-speed single-winding squirrel -cage inductor motor has many advantages in comparison with the motor of usual construction.

4. Some special equipment necessary to test the new voltage air-blast circuit-breaker has been installed at the Company's Nelson High Power laboratory in Stafford.

5. For the last few years a new approach to the whole subject of electromechanical energy conversion has been apparent.

Упражнение 12. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на перевод атрибутивных групп.

The American mother company, an old college classmate, an Abu Ghraib prison abuse scandal, do-it-yourself shops, the BBC Europe business correspondent, a French-led group of six countries, the long-discussed climate change, day-light robbery, a middle-of-the road man, Generator test, burning time, turbine test, turning indicator, reaction chamber, experimenting laboratory, flight test, radiation shielding, flowing current, heated cathode, remotely controlled device, temperature measuring instrument, oil filled transformer, average-sized turbine, cup-shaped electrode, average-sized turbine design problem, super-long-distance high voltage transmission line, common-emitted transistor circuit, various rated voltage levels, ideal turbine blade material, the power plants under construction, the turbine in operation, the plant in service, the problem in question, the method of interest, the device under development, the instrument in use, the types of atomic reaction in existence, the properties under investigation, the design under way.

Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод атрибутивной группы.

1. Sweeds have one of the lowest take-home pay envelopes in the Western world.

2. New York mayor announced a program to tackle a quality-of-life problem.

3. A typical system includes a boiler, a network of pipes, a feed, an expansion tank, a radiators, and a hot water storage system.

4. A thermostat located in the boiler caused the gas control valve to shut off when the water temperature reaches the pre-set level.

5. Bicycles frame designers share many aims with aircraft engineers.

6. The shop-till-you-drop mentality of the eighties lades away in the United States.

7. Laser beams can be used for drilling diamonds, cutting complex shapes in materials from plastic to steel, for spot welding and for surfacing techniques, such as hardening aircraft engine turbine blades.

8. A controlled input voltage is supplied to the strain gauge from a battery-powered circuit.

9. In a typical four-stroke engine, when the piston descends, the air inlet valve opens and a mixture of air and petrol is sucked in through a carburetor.

10. This prototype wave-power plant was constructed by building a concrete water column across a natural gully on the shoreline.

11. The generator is a wound rotor induction motor, which acts as a generator when it is turning at speeds greater than 1,500 rtm.

12. Workers use handheld computing devices to collect data at a customer site.

13. A 40-year-old-engineer-turned-venture-capitalist has founded four promising enterprises.

14. Then comes Winston Churchill with his hundred-horse-power mind and 'what can I do'.

15. The combustion chamber pressure in the engine is very high.

16. To minimize the effect of variable collector contact resistance the voltmeter resistance must be high at least 1000 ohms per volt.

17. From the system designer's viewpoint the use of a standard unit offers additional advantage.

18. The regulator of this kind adjust synchronous machine excitation by a altering the exciter field circuit resistance to change the exciter armature voltage.

Упражнение 14. Переведите текст, выделяя ряды разного типа.

System identification has arisen in different areas of application where the system model is completely unspecified but one wants to predict the system response, to regulate the system, or to simulate the system. The only data available are a sequence of known input and a sequence of noise corrupted output. The intermediate objective is to specify a model which agrees with the statistical data. To perform system identification requires three steps: structure determination, parameter identification, and model verification. Before solving the parameter identification problem, one would address the problem of identifiability of parameters. With an assumed structure, is it ever possible to identify the unknown parameters by extracting information from deterministic input and stochastic output data? The capability of answering this question will facilitate the selection of an appropriate model structure. Clearly, one would not select a model structure whose parameters cannot be identified. Thus the question of parameters identifiability is central in the procedures for system identification.

Упражнение 15. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на приложение.

1. The French company, Vitus, glues the tubes together using the same techniques as those used for connecting aircraft components.

2. The designer, Franc Kik, formerly worked in aerospace.

3. Currie Munce, director of IBM's Advanced HDD Technology Storage Systems Division, has one avowed goal.

5. Dr. Jones, head of international research, told the meeting- organized to express academic concern about the Atkins diet - that there wasn't a shred of evidence to suggest that the diet worked.

6. John Blair Engineering, part of the Nelson House Group, is a UK and International Leader in power and process engineering.

7. Pushkin, the great Russian poet, died in 1837.

8. Hamlet, the immortal tragedy by Shakespeare, was written in the first years of the 17th century.

9. Pericles, a comedy by Shakespeare, is hardly ever staged.

10. Professor Petrov, director of the Medical Institute, is going to deliver a lecture.

11. The brainchild of Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba, Bluetooth is a microwave high-speed wireless link system that's designed to work with portable equipment.

Д о п о л н и т е л ь н ы е т е к с т ы