II. Text

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть.

The most common freight car trucks are four-wheeled. They consist of two pairs of wheels and axels, a pair of side frames and a truck bolster. The weight of the car is transmitted to the axles through the truck side frames.

The wheels of railroad cars are fastened tightly upon their axles, and the axles turn as the wheels turn. The end of an axle extend out a few inches from the wheels. These extended parts of the axle are called the “journal”.

The journal box keeps dirt out of bearing and also holds a wad of oil soaked cotton waste which lubricates the journal. It has a cover which can be opened to inspect the journal and replenish the oil.

The truck bolster extends across the truck between side frames and also holds these side frames together. The truck bolster is not rigidly fastened to the side frames but rests on springs set into the side frames. The side frames can move somewhat in relation to each other and by so doing, each wheel of the truck carries its share of the load regardless of any irregularities in the track. Such truck is called a “selfaligning” truck.

Resting upon the truck bolster is a body bolster. The body bolsters are built into the underframe of the car and rests upon the truck bolster at the circular “center plates” which allow the truck to turn beneath the car. Additionally, the truck bolster and side frames shift load transferred from car body to wheelset axleboxes and rail track.

A heavy vertical steel centerpin (center pivot) is set in the center plates to prevent them from coming apart.

Six-wheel trucks are used under freight cars which are made to carry very heavy loads. The side frames of these trucks are more complicated then those of four-wheel trucks in order to provide for proper equalization of the load on all six wheels.

III. Reading Comprehension

1. Перегляньте текст ще раз і знайдіть відповіді на такі запитання.

1. What are the main elements of the car truck? 2. What material are wheels made of? 3. How are car wheels fastened to? 4. What is the journal? 5. How is the weight of the car carried? 6. What is the function of the journal box? 7. What holds the side frames together? 8. What is the truck bolster used for? 9. How is the truck bolster fastened? 10. How is a body bolster fastened? 11. What kind of trucks find application in freight cars? 12. Why are the side frames of six-wheel trucks more complicated?

2. Перегляньте текст ще раз, продовжіть та перекладіть речення.

The wheels of railroad cars are fastened … . 2. The designation of trucks is … . 3. The trucks are used on … . 4. The weight of the car … . 5. The “babbit” is used … . 6. The designation of journal bearing is … . 7. The truck bolster is used for … . 8. The journal box is … . 9. The “selfaligning” truck is … . 10. The body bolsters are used for … . 11. The steel centerpin is … . 12. Four-wheel trucks are more complicated … .

IV. Vocabulary Exercises

1. Доберіть до термінів у лівій колонці визначення, подані праворуч:

1. A truck A) is a unit of running gears consisting of an axle with built-up wheels on it underhub part.

2. A wheelset B) is a gear ensuring safe movement of freight car on the rail track with the minimal resistance and a necessary smoothness.

3. A truck bolster C) is a device contracting the amplitude of the vibrations of a freight car by conversion of the kinetic energy into the heat energy and its dispersion into the environment.

4. A shock absorber D) is a truck bearing element made as a hollow cast beam resting on the spring groups and having a center bowl with a central pivot.

5. An axlebox unit E) is a device consisting of springing elements, shock-absorbes and limit stops, which ensures the required smooth travel of a freight car.

6. A spring suspension F) is the base part consisting, in this case, of two side frames integrating wheelsets with the axlebox units, the spring suspension, a truck bolster and attached brake equipment into a single system.

7. A truck frame G) is a device with bearings for transformation of wheelset rotational movement to car translation with minimal resistance.

2. З’єднайте слова рядка A з їх синонімами у рядку B.

1. truck, railroad, fasten, transmit, inspect, replenish, allow, use, complex

2. railway, examine, permit, bogie, to be in use, complicated, fit, transfer.

3.Прочитайте, перекладіть і запам’ятайте такі вислови:

А) the four-wheeled truck, a side frame, a truck bolster, to fasten, an axle, to extend out, a journal box, to rest, an underframe, a centerpin, an equalization weight, a set, a journal bearing, to wear, to lubricate, an absorber, a spring suspension, a frame.

B) Колесна пара, облицьовувати, букса, вагонетка вагона, вага, підшипник, змазувати, кріпити, опираться, оглядати, бокова рама, передавать, вкладка підшипника (букси), заміняти, ресора, запобігати, частка.

4. Заповніть пропуски сполучниками ( in, on, of, in, at, of, in, to, by, around, in, to, of, in, of, against, of) та перекладіть їх.

Railway idustry demand has increased 1) … recent years due 2) … social awareness regarding energy saving and environment. The standard (conventional or three piece) truck holds two wheel sets parallel 3) … each other and provides no mechanism to steer the wheels 4)… curves. The wheels approach a curve 5) … a large angle 6) … attack forcing the flange (the raised guiding edge) 7) … a steel wheel 8) … the rail and producing lateral force 9) … the rail. Over time, these forces accelerate wheel and rail wear 10) … curved track, resulting 11) … frequent maintenance problems. Heavy haul railroads, moving coal and other bulk commodities 12) … 100-ton cars 13) … 100-car unit trains, experience higher rates 14) … wear of wheels and curved track because 15) … the greater lateral force generated 16) … each car and because 17) … the number of repeated occurrences.