My Testament
When I am dead, bury me
In my beloved Ukraine,
My tomb upon a grave mound high
Amid the spreading plain,
So that the fields, the boundless steppes,
The Dnieper's plunging shore
My eyes could see, my ears could hear
The mighty river roar.
When from Ukraine the Dnieper bears
Into the deep blue sea
The blood of foes … then will I leave
These hills and fertile fields —
I'll leave them all and fly away
To the abode of God,
And then I'll pray …. But till that day
I nothing know of God.
Oh bury me, then rise ye up
And break your heavy chains
And water with the tyrants' blood
The freedom you have gained.
And in the great new family,
The family of the free,
With softly spoken, kindly word
Remember also me.
Taras Shevchenko
Pereyaslav
December 25, 1845
Lesson 14
Grammar: Sequence of Tenses
Reading: Online World Adds a New Dimension
Promoting a World Wide Web Site
Speaking: Making a webpage
Grammar
Sequence of Tenses
Узгодження часів
Якщо в складнопідрядних реченнях з додатковими підрядними дієслово-присудок головного речення стоїть в одному з теперішніх або майбутніх часів, то вживання часів в підрядному реченні не відрізняється від вживання їх в українській мові.
Якщо дієслово-присудок головного речення стоїть в минулому часі, то застосовуються правила узгодження часів:
• Для вираження дії, одночасної з дією головного речення,вживається Past Simple:
Example: Не didn’t know that I was a manager.
• Для вираження дії, що відбудеться після дії в головному реченні, вживається час Future-in-the Past (майбутній в минулому). Цей час утворюється за допомогою допоміжних дієслів would/should:
Example: Не didn't know when his friend would be free.
• Для вираження дії, що відбулася раніше за дію в головному реченні, вживається Past Perfect Tense.
Example: Не said that he had come in time but nobody was in the office.
• Якщо у непрямій мові описується ряд послідовних дій, і в головному реченні дієслово стоїть в минулому часі, то перша дія виражається у Past Perfect, а наступні у Past Simple (якщо ця послідовність не порушується):
Example: Nick said he had come to the States where he started his company. Since then his sales revenues went up every year.
Reported Speech
Пряма та непряма мова
При переведенні речень з прямої мови в непряму вживаються дієслова ask, say, tell. Якщо дієслово в головному реченні стоїть у минулому часі, застосовуються правила узгодження часів, а також відбувається заміна прикметників та займенників:
t
his/these
that/those
here there
now замінюється на then
yesterday the day before
today that day
tomorrow the next (following) day
ago before/earlier
last week (month, year) I the week (month, year) before
• При переведенні стверджувальних речень в непряму мову можна вживати сполучник that:
Example: Tom said , “I sent the letter yesterday”.
Tom said (that) he had sent the letter the day before.
• При переведенні у непряму мову загальних питань вживаються сполучники whether чи if. В спеціальних запитаннях як сполучники вживаються питальні займенники. В запитаннях у непрямій мові зберігається прямий порядок слів:
Example: Victor asked me if I had sent the letter.
John asked me how long I had been working for TST Systems.
• Прохання та накази вводяться в непряму мову дієсловами ask, order, tell та передаються за допомогою інфінітиву смислового діє слова та займенника чи іменника, які визначаються з контексту:
Example: John said, “Please, type this letter, Mary”.
John asked Mary to type the letter.
Mr Brown said to us, “Don't send the letter by fax”. Mr Brown told us not to send the letter by fax.
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If somebody talked about a situation that has still not changed – that is to say, if the original speaker's present and future are still present and future – a reporter can often choose whether to keep the original speaker's tenses or change them. Both structures are common.
Direct: The earth goes round the sun.
Indirect: He proved that the earth goes/went round the sun.
Direct: How old are you?
Indirect: Are you deaf? I asked how old you are/were.
Direct: Where does she work?
Indirect: I've often wondered where she works/worked.
Direct: // will be windy tomorrow.
Indirect: The forecast said it will/would be windy tomorrow. We do not keep the original speaker's tenses if we do not agree with what he/she said, if we are not certain of its truth, or if we wish to make it clear that the information comes from the original speaker, not from ourselves.
The Greeks thought that the sun went round the earth.
(not ...that the sun goes round the earth.)
Exercise 1. Утворіть речення за зразком.
Model: She knew that he was busy (to share a room, be clever, to give a lecture, to work, to disappear, to choose).
Model: Не said that he had repeated the speech word for word (to arrive at a decision, to come back, to gather, to spend, to laugh, to take).
Model: The Director said they would choose the candidate after the lecture (to go on with, to work at, to take out of the pocket, to review grammar, to make a choice).
Exercise 2. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у потрібному часі.
1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some decision. 2. We did not remember that he (to repeat) that speech from memory. 3. He believed that a fine memory (to be) absolutely necessary for that position. 4. I did not know if you (to apply) for this job. 5. They said they (to work) 7 hours a day. 6. He promised that he (to give) a lecture in near future. 7. I did not know how my bag (to disappear).8. The teacher said he (to call on) the students in alphabetical order. 9. Did she say that there (to be) a lot of mistakes in your composition? 10. Did she find out that he (to come) late at night? 11. She asked me if I (to get on) well with my classes. 12. I was sure that his brother (to leave) home. 13. She discovered that we (to be taken) by surprise. 14. Did they decide that they (to leave) for Kyiv?
Exercise 3. Запишіть речення, узгоджуючи часи дієслів.
1. If I … (to be free) tomorrow night, I … (to go) to the concert. 2. He says he … (to look in) to see us before he … (to leave) our town. 3. Jane … (to stay) at home until she … (to feel) better. 4. When … you … (to visit) your grandma? – Probably next year. 5. When my brother … (to finish) school he ... (to go) to college. 6. I … (to tell) you as soon as I … (to know). 7. I’d like to know when Dan … (to be back). 8. Give my love to Laura if you … (to see) her. 9. I … (not to know) when she … (to take) her exam. 10. I don’t think we … (to finish) our work in time unless you … (to help) us. 11. I … (to give) you my bike for tomorrow providing you … (to bring) it back the day after tomorrow. 12. Mother says we … (to have dinner) after she … (to unpack) our things. 13. Don’t get off the train until it … (to stop). 14. You may take this book so long as you … (not to keep) it too long. 15. Your boss … (to give) you the day off on condition that you … (to work) on Saturday morning. 16. Provided that they … (not to do) anything stupid, they … (to win) tonight's match easily. 17. Unless he … (to arrive) soon, we … (to have to) go without him. 13. I … (to wonder) if they … (to follow) our advice.
Exercise 4. Запишіть речення, узгоджуючи часи дієслів.
1. Close the window when it … (rain). 2. If you … (come) home late you … (not be) able to watch that program over TV. 3. Keep quiet, we …(listen) to the music. 4. What … (you, see) in the corner over there? 5. It … (rain) so we must take umbrellas. 6. What a smell! I expect something … (burn). 7. He … (sleep) soundly when the dog…. (run) into the room. 8. What .. (you, see) when I … (come) in a moment ago? 9. “Oh, it’s you, John! You … (not be) in touch with me for a long time. I’m glad you … (ring) up. Where … (you, be) all these weeks? I hope you … (not, be) ill?” 10. Since I …(work) here, I have met several of your friends. 11. At last I … (finish)! How glad I am. 12. When I … (do) my homework I … (listen) to the wireless. 13. Who … (sing) in the bath when I … (come) in? 14. I … (stay) in Kharkiv till next March. 15. … (you, feel) any better now? 16. What … (she, say) when she saw you? 17. When he was young he … (like) collecting stamps. 18. Why …….(you, always, make) such mistakes? 19. … (you, have) breakfast yet?
Reading: