Word and word-combinations

Estimate v – оцінювати Outskirt – околиця

Lime stone – вапняк Part-time students – заочники

Clay – глина Department – кафедра

Legislative – законодавчий Meritorious – заслужений

Executive – виконавчий Сurricula – навчальна програма

Judicial – судовий Bachelor – бакалавр

Annex – приєднувати Master – магістр

Massacre – різанина Рeculiaritу – особливість

Invading – вторгнення Apart from – окрім

Atrocitу – звірство Аcquiring – отримання

Victim – жертва Вy correspondence – заочно

Accommodation – житло Аchievement – досягнення

Barbed – колючий Distinction – відзнака

Text 4a

Vinnytsia

Vinnytsia is a city located on the banks of the Southern Buh, in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Vinnytsia Region (Oblast). Vinnytsia is located about 260 km west of the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, 429 km north of the port city Odessa and 369 km from Lviv. Now the current estimated population is 370,100. The natural resources are the following: the deposits of granite and lime stone, clay, sand and mineral spring water in several places. The climate of Vinnytsya region is moderately humid.

As an administrative centre of Ukraine, Vinnytsia is the seat of the local legislative, executive and judicial branches of the power in the region. Vinnytsia is the industrial, transport, agricultural, cultural and educational centre of the region. The National Technical University, the Agricultural University, the Pedagogical University, the Medical University, the University of Trade and Economy educate the specialists almost for every branch of our life. There are also special secondary schools, which give secondary education in the spheres of technique, bakery, dairy and trade. Nowadays there are private schools as well as state schools, lyceums, classic school form where children can get their general secondary education.

Vinnytsia as a small settlement was founded on the picturesque banks of the Southern Bug in the 13th century by Lithuanian Prince Olgert. Vinnytsia has been an important trade and political center since the fourteenth century, when Fedir Koriatovych, the nephew of Olgerd, built a fortress (1363) against Tatar raiders on the banks of the Southern Buh. From that time on, the town became a factor in ongoing disputes between Lithuania, Tatars (who burnt the fortress in 1580), Poland, Turkey (which ruled the city and region from 1672 to 1699), Cossacks and eventually Russia, which annexed the city and region following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793.

Victim's graves from the Vinnytsia massacre during the Stalinist repression of 1937–1938 were exhumed by the invading Germans in 1943. Adolf Hitler sited his easternmost headquarters Führerhauptquartier Werwolf near the town. Nazi atrocities were committed in and near Vinnytsia by Einsatzgruppe C. Estimates of the number of victims run as high as 28,000. This included the virtual extinction of the town's large Jewish population. Führerhauptquartier Werwolf was the codename used for one of Adolf Hitler's World War II Eastern Front military headquarters located in a pine forest about 12 kilometres north of Vinnytsia, between the villages of Stryzhavka and Kolo-Mykhailivka on the Kiev highway. Hitler's accommodation at Werwolf consisted of a modest log cabin built around a private courtyard with its own concrete bunker. The rest of the complex consisted of about 20 wooden cottages and barracks and up to three "B" class bunkers, surrounded by ring of barbed wire and ground defensive positions connected by underground tunnels. The area was surrounded by a defensive strip of bunkers, anti-aircraft guns and tanks, as well as anti-tank ditches and minefields. There was a tea house, a barber shop, a bathhouse, a sauna, a cinema and even an open swimming pool for the inhabitants' use. The facility also contained a large vegetable garden to provide Hitler with a secure supply of food. Two artesian wells supplied the site with water, and the site had its own power generation facilities. The bunkers were constructed by Organisation Todt using local Ukrainian workers, forced labour but mainly Soviet prisoners of war. Many of the workers were subsequently murdered to maintain secrecy of the site. Today only the swimming pool and concrete fragments remain visible on the site, which is an open recreation area. Nearby is a memorial to the thousands of labourers and others buried by the Nazis in gravepits at Stryzhavka.

The history of our land is closely connected with the names of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, Ivan Bogun, Maxim Kryvonis, Ustym Karmaliuk and many others outstanding Ukrainian people. The citizens of Vinnytsia and the guests of the town like to attend the estate museum of famous doctor Pyrohov, the founder of the battle-field surgery, the scientist and pedagogue. One of the main streets in our town, the Medical University and the regional hospital are named after him. If you are interested in history it would be useful to visit our museum of Local Lore, which is situated in the centre of Vinnytsia near the Bridge across the Southern Buh. There are expositions devoted to various periods of the development of Vinnytsia. A lot of guests enjoy visiting the museum of the classic of Ukrainian Literature, Mychailo Kotsiubynskyi. The small white house where he lived with his family is in the centre of Vinnytsia. The curator will show you the things belonging to the writer, tell about the family way of life. It was Kotsiubynskyi who first thought about the creating of the public library in Vinnytsia. There is a monument to the writer near the house and the street where it stands is named after him.

We call Vinnytsia the cultural centre not only for its historical places, museums and monuments, but also for two theatres and philharmonic society. Our Drama Theatre named after the well-known Ukrainian actor Sadovskyi is situated in the centre of Vinnytsia. Theatre-goers can enjoy dramas, comedies, musicals performed by our local actor company.

Roshen Fountain is the only one in Ukraine and the largest floating fountain in Europe, built in the river Southern Buh in Vinnytsia City near Festivalny Isle (Campa Isle).

Havryshivka International Airport is situated in Vinnytsia. Since the end of World War II, Vinnytsia has been the home for major Soviet Air Forces base, including an airfield, a hospital, arsenals and other military installations. The headquarters of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces was stationed in Vinnytsia from 1960 to the early 1990s. The 2nd Independent Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps, which later became 24th Air Army, was also stationed in Vinnitsa from 1960 to 1992. The Ukrainian Air Force Command has been based in Vinnytsia since 1992.

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