The passive voice

Cтрадательный залог часто употребляется, когда мы говорим о каком-либо действии, но когда нас совсем не интересует, кем или чем совершено действие.

 - English is spoken all over the world.

- I wasn’t invited to the party.

 Если Вы хотите в предложении со страдательным залогом сказать, кто или что было причиной действия, то тогда употребляется by:

- This wall was painted by my husband. (= my husband painted it).

- We are worried by her silence. (=her silence worries us).

Пассив образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be (is/are/was/were и т.д.) + the Past Participle (taught, built, sold, answered и т.д.): (be) taught (be) built (be) sold (be) answered. 

Формой пассивного инфинитива является (to)be done/ be opened/be brought и т.д.

Эта форма употребляется после модальных глаголов (will, can, must и т.д.) и некоторыхдругих глаголов (например: be going to,want to). 

- This book can be bought everywhere.

- His letter ought to be translated at once.

- A new theatre is going to be opened next year.

- Go away! I want to be left alone.

Present Simple

 

Aктив: show(s)/clean(s) и т.д.	Somebody shows us new films every day.
Пассив: am/is/are shown/cleaned и т.д.	We are shown new films every day. Houses are built very quickly in this country. I’m invited to the concert. How is this word translated?

 

Past Simple

 

Aктив: showed/cleaned и т.д.	Somebody showed us new film yesterday.
Пассив: was/were shown/cleaned и т.д.	We were shown new film yesterday. The car was given to her sister. When were these books published?

Некоторые глаголы требуют двух дополнений. Например, give: 

- I gave him a magazine. (him и a magazine)

 Поэтому можно составить два предложения в страдательном залоге:

He was given a magazine. и A magazine was given (to him).

 

Предложение в страдательном залоге обычно начинается с подлежащего.

Вот еще некоторые глаголы, которые могут иметь два дополнения:

ask tell give send show teach pay offer

- I was asked to come in. (= they asked me to come in)

- The letter will be sent tomorrow. (= someone will send the letter)

- Have you been shown the new film?(= has anyone shown you the new film?)

Questions

Обычно вопросы конструируются изменением порядка слов: мы помещаем вспомогательный глагол (auxiliary verb)(AV) перед подлежащим (subject)(S):

S + AV	AV + S
you are	are you?	Are you happy?
he can	can he?	What can he do?
Fred will	will Fred?	Where will Fred go?
the window was	was the window?	Was the window opened?

В вопросах в Present Simple используйте do/does:  

S + AV	AV + S
you like	do you like?	Do you like reading?
he works	does he work?	Does he work hard?

В вопросах в Past Simple используйте did:  

 

S + AV	AV + S
you went	did you go?	When did you go there?
he lived	did he live?	Did he live in this house?

Будьте внимательны с who/what/which в вопросах.

Если who/what/which является подлежащим (Subject), не пользуйтесь do/does/did. Сравните: 

who - the Object (Дополнение)	who - the Subject(Подлежащее)
Alice phoned somebody. Who did Alice phone?	Somebody phoned Alice. Who phoned Alice?

В этих примерах who/what/which подлежащее:

Who wants something to drink? (а не `who does want')

Who invented the bicycle? (а не `who did invent')

What happened to your friend? (а не `what did happen')

Which tram goes to the centre? (а не `which tram does go')

 Вопросы с отрицанием.

Вопросы с отрицанием используются главным образом: для выражения удивления:

- Didn't you hear the news?

В восклицаниях (!):

- Isn’t it a fine day!

Когда мы ожидаем, что слушатель согласен с нами: 

- `Haven't we met before?' `Yes, I think we have'.  

Обратите внимание на значения ответов yes и no на вопросы с отрицанием:

Yes. (= Да, мы ездили.)

- Didn't you go to the country?

No. (= Нет, мы не ездили.)

Обратите внимание на порядок слов в вопросах с Why...?:

- Why didn't you write the letter? (а не `why you didn't write')

- Why don't we go to the beach? (а не `why we don't go')  

В предложении с отрицанием (negative sentence) обычно используется утвердительный (positive) вопросительный тэг:

negative sentence + positive tag Tom won't be late, will he? They don't like us, do they? That isn't George over there, is it?

В утвердительном предложении (positive sentence) используется вопросительный тэг с отрицанием:

positive sentence + negative tag Ann will be here soon, won't she? Tom should pass his exam, shouldn't he? They were very angry, weren't they?

Обратите внимание на значения слов yes и no в ответах на вопросы с тэгом:

	Yes. (= I shall go)
- You won’t go to work tomorrow, will you?
	No. (= I shan’t go)

 

Последнее изменение: вторник 26 Июль 2011, 10:47