Infectious diseases - Инфекционные болезни

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is a viral infection. The pathogens are different viruses of hepatitis. The disease affects hepatic cells and the bile ducts. During this disease the nervous system, the kidneys and the spleen are affected. The spleen is enlarged.

Causes: Virus “A” of hepatitis is a pathogen of epidemic hepatitis. Infection enters the body through stool or urine when eating infected food, drinking water or personal contact.

Virus “B” is a pathogen of serum hepatitis. It may enter the body through blood during injections. Nurses and doctors must be very careful to serum hepatitis.

Incubation period lasts for 2-7 weeks for epidemic hepatitis. It lasts for 6-26 weeks for serum hepatitis.

Clinical symptoms: In the prodromal period a sick person may suffer from weakness, some pain in joints, nausea, bad appetite. When the person has jaundice he may have yellow skin, clear stool, urine of brown beer colored.

Nota bene: Sometimes hepatitis occurs without jaundice, but the patient is very virulent.

Laboratory examinations: Bilirubin rises in the serum. One can see considerable elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. There is bilirubin in urine. The patient has clear stool.

Development of the disease: Epidemic hepatitis (virus “A”) comes to end without complications if the patient has a good treatment. After this disease the liver functions are normal. Serum hepatitis (virus “B”) turns into a chronic form. Jaundice disappears, but weakness, a bad appetite, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and high transaminase in blood remain. In the future cirrhosis of the liver may appear.

Treatment:

The patient must stay in bed. He must be isolated during high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and high transaminase. Isolation can last for 3-4 months. The patient must stay in bed for a long time not to have a chronic form of the disease.

Prophylactic measures:

1. One must use one –piece syringes during injections.

2. Sterilization in autoclaves.

Nota bene:

1. Boiling doesn`t kill viruses of hepatitis.

2. Blood donation must be controlled.

3. The patient mustn`t give blood after jaundice and after contact with the person who is ill with hepatitis.

Words and word combinations:

epidemic hepatitis		эпидемия, эпидемический гепатит
viral pathogen virus to affect hepatic cells bile duct to enter stool infected personal serum to be careful prodromal to suffer from weakness jaundice skin clear beer colored virulent bilirubin	вирусный возбудитель вирус поражать печеночный клетки желчь проток входить стул зараженный личный сыворотка быть осторожным предшествующий болезни страдать слабость желтуха кожа прозрачный цвета пива заразный билирубин

to rise considerable elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation development to come to an end complication treatment to turn into to disappear transaminase to remain to appear to be isolated measure disposable syringes boiling blood donation to give blood

подниматься значительное повышение скорости оседания эритроцитов развитие заканчиваться осложнение лечение превращаться исчезать трансаминаза оставаться появляться быть изолированным мера шприцы одноразового использования кипячение сдача крови сдавать кровь

Surgery - Хирургия

Acute appendicitis

The diagnosis of this common disease may be obvious in many cases, but, on the other hand, it may be difficult. Every patient should be seen by a surgeon. Only a surgeon decides to operate (or not to operate) or when to operate a patient.

Clinical symptoms:

1. sudden pain in the right side of the abdomen and, as a rule, soon (in 3-4 hours)it localizes in the right lower quadrant (iliac region)

2. disturbance of the digestive functions, consisting of loss of appetite, nausea, often vomiting, and constipation (during a day or two)

3. tenderness to touch in the right iliac region

4. thirst and a high temperature.

Treatment: In no circumstances should a purgative be given. The treatment of acute appendicitis is surgical. In the postoperative period doctors usually prescribe patients antibacterial treatment.

Recommendations: To avoid physical exertions for 1 month and to increase immunity by correct food.

Words and word combinations:

acute to operate sudden to localize lower quadrant iliac region disturbance digestive to touch thirst circumstance purgative surgical postoperative physical exertions correct

oстрый оперировать внезапный локализоваться нижний квадрант подвздошная область нарушение пищеварительный прикасаться жажда обстоятельство, случай слабительное хирургический послеоперационный физическая нагрузка правильный

Skin diseases

SYPHILIS

Venereal diseases are singled out into a separate group of diseases as they are very infectious. They are called so after the Greek goddess of love Venus. Now the number of people, suffering from venereal diseases increases in Russia. Syphilis is a chronic venereal disease which affects all organs and tissues.

Causes: The cause of the disease is the infection, which penetrates into the body through an affected skin and is spread all over the body by the blood. As a result of the disease – liver, kidneys and the nervous system are affected. The main transmission` s way is sexual.

Symptoms and development of the disease: Syphilis passes some stages. In the first stage chancre (it may be in the form of open ulcer or pimple) forms. It usually appears in 3 weeks after the infection, but sometimes in 10 days or 3 months.

The second stage usually begins in 6-10 weeks after the infection. By this time chancre disappears but one can see rash on the whole body or extremities. Sometimes there are small sores (ulcer) in the mouth or around vagina. Like chancre, small sores and rash are very virulent.

During the next stage a patient has big sores which are localized in bones or tissues, for example, in liver, heart and vessels.

Treatment: At early stages the disease can be completely cured. If the patient is not treated or tries to treat himself, the disease becomes very serious and it might lead to death.

In 1942 doctors began to treat syphilis by penicillin. Antibiotics are a very effective remedy in treatment even of the last stages of syphilis.

Prophylactic measures: One must keep in mind that the earlier the treatment is begun, the quicker the disease is cured. People must lead a healthy mode of life and use condoms for safety sex.

Words and word combinations:

venereal tissues to penetrate transmission chancre ulcer death remedy condoms

венерический ткани проникать передача шанкр язва смерть средство презервативы

Pediatrics – Педиатрия

RICKETS

Children may suffer from rickets from an early age.

Causes: The reason for it is the lack of sunlight and vitamin D2 in food and wrong care of children. As a result the body needs more phosphorus and calcium. It affects one` s central nervous system and internal organs.

Symptoms of the disease: The first symptoms of rickets may appear very early when the child is only 2 or 3 months old. The bones become soft and can easily break. The ribs become thicker. The chest is deformed. Legs change their shape. Also a child has insomnia, sweating, softening of the scull. The back of the head sweats and a wet place appears on the pillow. The baby tosses his head from side to side and the back of the baby` s head becomes bald. Children often suffer from cold, constipation and anemia. Children often cry, sleep badly. They hold up a head later than other children do; sit later. Grown up children with rickets have protruding bellies, big heads and crooked legs.

Treatment: Doctors usually use vitamin D2 in treatment rickets. Children must be fed correctly. They must be given milk, juices and vegetables. They must be in the open air. They must have coniferous baths. Massage is also of great use.

Prophylactic measures: If a mother feeds a baby correctly, keeps the baby in the open air for many hours, her baby will not have rickets.

Words and word combinations:

rickets the lack of something affect internal the back of the head anemia toss side bald protruding belly constipation vegetables

рaхит недостаток, отсутствие чего-либо поражать внутренний затылок анемия вертеть сторона, бок лысый торчащий, выступающий вперёд живот запор овощи

EXPRESSIONS FOR DIALOGUES