
- •Internal combustion engine
- •The four-stroke cycle
- •Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The carburetor
- •1. Translate the following text into Ukrainian in written form
- •2. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The crankshaft
- •The battery and coil
- •The contact breaker and the distributor
- •1. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The cooling system
- •The lubricating (oiling) system
- •1. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The transmission system
- •Neutral gear
- •The clutch
- •Rear axle gears
- •1. Translate the text in written form
- •2. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •The brakes
- •Some differences
- •Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
- •Text 16
- •Put the missing prepositions into the questions. Ask them your partner:
- •Match the headings with their extracts.
- •The changing expectations of automotive engineers
- •Here are the answers to some questions. What are the questions?
- •Put each of the following words or phrases in correct sentence below.
- •Find the words hidden in the jumbles. Translate the sentences.
- •6. Complete the sentences with the passive form of the verb in brackets:
- •Complete the table with these phrases used to talk about the future. Can you add any more?
- •The car of the future
- •Are these sentences about the text true (t) or false (f)?
- •Find words and expressions in the text which match these definitions:
- •Find the words hidden in the jumbles:
- •Put the verb into the correct tense form in Passive.
- •Alternative vehicles
- •6. Answer these questions:
- •Make sure that you know these terms:
- •Match words from the two boxes to make expressions.
- •Now use the expressions above to complete the sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •Match the words and phrases to the correct headings.
- •A car safety programme
- •Try to answer these questions asked by people in the audience.
- •Put the safety features into the correct column. Which of these safety features does your or your parents’ car have?
- •Use the words in the box to complete the flow chart.
- •Complete the text about car recalls with words from the box below. Translate the sentences.
- •Match the questions (1 – 7) with their answers (a – g):
- •Find someone in your class who:
- •Airbags
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Make sure that you know these terms:
- •Fill the missing words in. The first one has been done for you. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •Complete the adjectives with –ed or –ing. Make some sentences of your own using them.
- •Read and translate this extract in written form:
- •Rewrite the sentences with a participle clause instead of a relative one.
- •Do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
- •Sensors and the automobile
- •Complete the sentences with the information from the text:
- •Which instrument shows you:
- •Match each abbreviation with its meaning:
- •Translate the following extract in written form: a cockpit for business class
- •Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in its participle form.
- •What are your predictions for the next ten years for instruments and switches of the car? Prepare a short report or presentation.
2. Complete the sentences with the active form of the verb in brackets:
Last summer some friends and I arranged to go camping. We ……… (to look forward) to going for weeks when finally the date of departure ……… (to come). We ……… (to load) the car with our luggage and ……… (to set off) early in the morning. The weather was perfect, the sun ……… (to shine) brightly and the wind ……… (to blow) gently. There ……… (not to be) a cloud in the sky. Shortly afterwards, while we ……… (to travel) along the motorway, we ……… (to notice) that the car ……… (to make) a strange noise. Peter, who ……… (to drive) very fast, suddenly …….. (to stop) the car. To our surprise the boot was wide open and all our things ……… (to fall out).
Text 15
The brakes
When the brake pedal is pushed down, it forces oil (hydraulic fluid) through small pipes. These pipes lead to the brakes. A drum is fixed to each wheel. This goes round with the wheel. The fluid forces the brake shoe to rub against the drum.
There are also disc brakes. A metal disc is fixed to each wheel. The fluid forces a pad to rub against the disc. The friction between the brake shoe and the drum, or the pad and the disc, slows down the wheel.
Springs on the axles give a smooth movement to the car body. Two kinds of springs are used. They are leaf springs and coil springs. Leaf springs are unusually on back axles. Coil springs are on front axles.
Shock absorbers filled with oil also help. These go in and out telescopes.
Коли педаль гальма натиснута вниз, вона змушує масло (гідравлічна рідина) через невеликі труб. Ці труби привести до гальм. Барабан кріпиться до кожного колеса. Це йде навколо з колесом. Рідина змушує гальмівну колодку тертися барабана. Є також дискові гальма. Металевий диск кріпиться до кожного колеса. Рідина змушує подушку тертися диска. Тертя між гальмівною колодкою і барабаном або підкладки та диска, уповільнює колесо. Пружини на осі дати плавний рух до кузова автомобіля. Два види пружин використовуються. Вони ресори і пружини. Ресори незвично на задніх осях. Пружини знаходяться на передніх осей. Амортизатори, наповнені маслом також допоможе. Вони входять і виходять телескопів.
Some differences
Alternators: Many modern cars do not have a dynamo. They have an alternator. The alternator is usually in the same place as the dynamo. The fan belt turns the alternator. The flow of electricity from a dynamo is direct current (DC). From an alternator it is alternating current (AC). The alternating current is changed to direct current for the battery. The current from an alternator is very strong. Its flow to the battery is controlled by a regulator.
Генератори змінного струму: Багато сучасних автомобілів не мають динамо . У них є генератор. Генератор змінного струму , як правило , в тому ж місці , що й динамо . Пояс вентилятор включається генератор. Потік електрики від динамо постійного струму ( DC) . З генератора вона змінного струму ( AC). Змінний струм змінюється в постійний струм для батареї. Струм від генератора змінного струму є дуже сильним. Його потік до батареї контролюється регулятором.
Diesel four-stroke cycle
Diesel engines: many lorries and some cars have diesel engines. The diesel engine has no carburetor and no electrical system to make a spark. It has no sparking plugs. One piston stroke sucks air only into the cylinder. The next stroke compresses the air in a small combustion chamber. The air is very hot. A drop of oil is forced into the chamber. It mixes with the hot air and burns. The energy released, forces the piston down. The next stroke is the exhaust stroke.
Дизельні двигуни : багато вантажівки і деякі автомобілі мають дизельні двигуни. Дизельний двигун не має карбюратор і не електричну систему , щоб зробити іскру. НЕ Він не свічок запалювання. Один хід поршня всмоктує повітря тільки в циліндр. На наступний хід стискає повітря в невеликій камері згоряння. Повітря дуже жарко. Крапля нафти змушений в камеру. Це змішується з гарячим повітрям і опіків. Енергія, що виділяється , змушує поршень вниз. Наступний удар є такт випуску.
Front wheel drive: in some cars the engine turns the front wheels. Rear engine car: in some cars the engine is at the back (rear) of the car. Both cars have the usual transmission system. They have no long propeller shaft because the engine is close to the wheels.
Передні ведучі: в деяких автомобілях обороти двигуна на передні колеса. Задня двигуна автомобіля: в деяких автомобілях двигун в задній (задній ) автомобіля. Обидва автомобілі мають звичайний систему передачі . У них немає довгий карданний вал , тому що двигун близький до коліс .