1. Answer the questions

1.What factors cause a prominent risk while carrying certain cargoes?

2.What may oxygen depletion also be caused by?

3.What are flammable or spontaneously combustible materials?

4.What are materials with high metal content?

5.What spaces could an unsafe atmosphere occur?

6.What recommendations should be followed if fumigation is carried out?

7.What consequences can failure to observe simple procedures lead to?

8.Why should the stevedoring company warn of inherent dangers with the cargo carried on broad before commencement of cargo work the ship’s staff?

2.Explain the sentences in bald using English equivalents:

1. self-heating;

2. oxidation;

3. decomposition;

4. flammable or spontaneously combustible materials;

5. be deficient in oxygen;

6. flammable and / or toxic gases or vapours.

3.Decide whether the statements are true (t) or false (f). Correct the wrong ones.

1. A prominent risk while discharging certain cargoes in oxygen depletion due to inherent from of the cargo, for example, self-heating, oxidation of metals and ores.

2. The materials listed above are known to be capable of causing oxygen depletion.

3. Grain, grain products and residues from grain processing ( such as bran, crushed malt or meal ), hops, malt husks and spent malt are the (materials) cargoes with high metal content.

4. The atmosphere in any enclosed space may be deficient in oxygen and / or contain flammable and / or toxic gases or vapours.

5. Unsafe atmosphere may also be absent in spaces adjacent to those spaces where a hazard is known to be present.

6. Spaces adjacent to fumigated spaces should be treated as if fumigated.

7. Failure to observe simple procedures can lead to people being unexpectedly overcome when entering enclosed spaces.

4. Choose the factors which could become reasons of risks while carrying certain cargoes

1. self-heating of metals and ores;

2. oxidation of metals and ores;

3. decomposition of vegetable oils, animal fats, grain and other organic materials or their residues;

4. oxygen depletion;

5. flammable or spontaneously combustible materials;

6. materials with high metal content;

7. flammable and / or toxic gases or vapours;

8. unsafe atmosphere;

9. failure to observe simple procedures of carrying certain cargoes by ships.

13.

Three Simple Rules

Time 0630, daylight, fine and clear with slight seas. Course is 006 at a speed of 16.5kts. An FOC product tanker on a near reciprocal course is fine on my PORT bow with a CPA of 0.3nm passing down my STBD side. There is no other traffic and thousands of square miles of ocean to play in.

When we are 8.0nm apart I alter my course 35deg to starboard and place the tanker 30 deg on my port bow. At 6.0 nm he has taken no action and I use the Aldis lamp to attract his attention. This ship calls up on the VHF CH16, "LNG flashing me, what are your intentions, do you want to pass green to green or, red to red" !

I remind him of his obligation to alter course to STARBOARD and that my intention to pass red to red would be obvious to any person keeping a lookout. He stands on, I add an extra 10 degrees to STARBOARD and maintain my avoiding action until he is 1.8nm abaft my PORT beam before slowly resuming my original course.

For close quarters situations at sea between 2 ships in good visibility with miles of empty ocean I offer 3 simple little rules :

GIVE WAY TO THE RIGHT.

GIVE WAY WHEN OVERTAKING.

WHEN END ON, BOTH GO TO STARBOARD.

What is so difficult? Why do these situations continue to occur? Changing the current collision rules has been touted over the years to solve these types of problems, how much simpler do you have to make them? Will changes to the current collision rules ensure that OOW's read them ?